scholarly journals Crop diversity is associated with higher child diet diversity in Ethiopia, particularly among low-income households, but not in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Erin E Esaryk ◽  
Sarah Anne Reynolds ◽  
Lia CH Fernald ◽  
Andrew D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Functional Richness

Abstract Objectives: To examine associations of household crop diversity with school-aged child dietary diversity in Vietnam and Ethiopia and mechanisms underlying these associations. Design: We created a child diet diversity score (DDS) using data on seven food groups consumed in the last 24 h. Generalised estimating equations were used to model associations of household-level crop diversity, measured as a count of crop species richness (CSR) and of plant crop nutritional functional richness (CNFR), with DDS. We examined effect modification by household wealth and subsistence orientation, and mediation by the farm’s market orientation. Setting: Two survey years of longitudinal data from the Young Lives cohort. Participants: Children (aged 5 years in 2006 and 8 years in 2009) from rural farming households in Ethiopia (n 1012) and Vietnam (n 1083). Results: There was a small, positive association between household CNFR and DDS in Ethiopia (CNFR–DDS, β = 0·13; (95 % CI 0·07, 0·19)), but not in Vietnam. Associations of crop diversity and child diet diversity were strongest among poor households in Ethiopia and among subsistence-oriented households in Vietnam. Agricultural earnings positively mediated the crop diversity–diet diversity association in Ethiopia. Discussion: Children from households that are poorer and those that rely more on their own agricultural production for food may benefit most from increased crop diversity.

scholarly journals Using National Survey Data From Nigeria to Assess Maternal-Child Dietary Concordance and Inform Nutrition Program Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 389-389
Author(s):  
Nadia Akseer ◽  
Rebecca A Heidkamp ◽  
Andrew Thorne-Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Maternal Child

Abstract Objectives Improving child diet diversity is a policy priority in many settings. Multiple factors influence complementary feeding practices in low-income countries including household food access, caregiver-level factors and cultural practices. Child's dietary data is often available in national surveys (i.e., Demographic and Health Surveys, DHS), but they typically lack diet data from adults. The 2018 Nigeria DHS was among the first to measure food group intake in both young children and women. We describe the relationship between child and maternal diet diversity in Nigeria and highlight implications for design of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) programs. Methods Using the Nigeria DHS 2018 dataset, we estimated consumption of individual food groups in the previous 24 hours as well as minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months (MDD-C) and their mothers, women 15–49 years (MDD-W) using WHO-UNICEF definitions. We compare rates of concordance and discordance between n = 8975 mother-child pairs for individual food groups and MDD using McNemar's tests. Probit regression was used to identify drivers of MDD-C. Results Nationally, 22% of children achieve MDD-C; 51% of mothers achieve MDD-W. For both populations, the most commonly consumed group is grains, roots and tubers (>80%) Dairy and eggs are the least consumed. Maternal-child (age 12–23 months) discordance is highest for consumption of legumes and nuts (36%), vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (39%) and other fruits and vegetables (57%); mothers consume these more frequently. Children are more likely than mothers to consume dairy (19% vs 8%) and eggs (8% vs 4%). Maternal-child food group discordance is consistently higher for children 6–11months than children 12–23 months. Results vary at state level and by maternal age group. Children's MDD probability is increased by MDD-W (27%, P < 0.001), higher maternal education (8%, P < 0.01) and household wealth (7%, P < 0.01). Conclusions Maternal and child diet diversity is suboptimal in Nigeria. Maternal diet is a primary driver of child diet in Nigeria. Legumes and nuts and fruits and vegetables are available but not consistently fed to children; an important finding for IYCF program design. The forthcoming DHS-8 core questionnaire will provide child and maternal diet data for more than 90 countries. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Women’s participation in decision-making and its implications for human capital investment

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1803-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orkhan Sariyev ◽  
Tim K Loos ◽  
Manfred Zeller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Decision Making ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation In Decision Making

Abstract We evaluate the implications of women’s participation in domestic decision-making on diets and investments in human resources in Ethiopian rural households. We create a metric to capture intra-household decision-making, which we use to estimate a positive association between women’s participation in decision-making and household-level dietary diversity. Moreover, we find that an increase in women’s participation in intra-household decision-making is associated with higher financial investments in human resources.

scholarly journals Market Access, Production Diversity, and Diet Diversity: Evidence From India

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Gupta ◽  
Naveen Sunder ◽  
Prabhu L. Pingali
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Recall Period ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Production Diversity ◽  
On Farm

Background: Recent literature, largely from Africa, shows mixed effects of own-production on diet diversity. However, the role of own-production, relative to markets, in influencing food consumption becomes more pronounced as market integration increases. Objective: This paper investigates the relative importance of two factors - production diversity and household market integration - for the intake of a nutritious diet by women and households in rural India. Methods: Data analysis is based on primary data from an extensive agriculture-nutrition survey of 3600 Indian households that was collected in 2017. Dietary diversity scores are constructed for women and households is based on 24-hour and 7-day recall periods. Household market integration is measured as monthly household expenditure on key non-staple food groups. We measure production diversity in two ways - field-level and on-farm production diversity - in order to account for the cereal centric rice-wheat cropping system found in our study locations. The analysis is based on Ordinary Least Squares regressions where we control for a variety of village, household, and individual level covariates that affect food consumption, and village fixed effects. Robustness checks are done by way of using a Poisson regression specifications and 7-day recall period. Results: Conventional measures of field-level production diversity, like the number of crops or food groups grown, have no significant association with diet diversity. In contrast, it is on-farm production diversity (the field-level cultivation of pulses and on-farm livestock management, and kitchen gardens in the longer run) that is significantly associated with improved dietary diversity scores, thus suggesting the importance of non-staples in improving both individual and household dietary diversity. Furthermore, market purchases of non-staples like pulses and dairy products are associated with a significantly higher dietary diversity. Other significant determinants of dietary diversity include women’s literacy and awareness of nutrition. These results mostly remain robust to changes in the recall period of the diet diversity measure and the nature of the empirical specification. Conclusions: This study contributes to the scarce empirical evidence related to diets in India. Additionally, our results indicate some key intervention areas - promoting livestock rearing, strengthening households’ market integration (for purchase of non-staples) and increasing women’s awareness about nutrition. These are more impactful than raising production diversity.

scholarly journals Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in Ethiopia and Zambia and their association with child nutrition: Analysis of demographic and health survey data

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (50) ◽  
pp. 5895-5914
Author(s):  
AD Disha ◽  
◽  
R Rawat ◽  
A Subandoro ◽  
P Menon
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Complementary Food ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding

Data from the 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2007 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS) were analyzed to examine the association between World Health Organization (WHO) recommended IYCF indicators and nutritional status among children 0- 23 months of age in Ethiopia and Zambia. A total of 1810 and 2512 children within this age group from Ethiopia and Zambia , respectively , were included in the analysis. Exclusive breast -feeding among children 0- 5.9 months of age is low in both Ethiopia (43 % ) and Zambia (51 % ). Timely introduction of complementary food is lower in Ethiopia (61 %) compared to Zambia (90 %). Only 7 percent of children between 6- 23 months of age consumed diets that met the minimum dietary diversity requirement of four or more food groups consumed per day compared to 37 % in Zambia. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses using appropriate measures to account for the complex survey design were applied to examine the associations between IYCF practices and child anthropometry. Linear regression results show that exclusive breast -feeding (EBF) is positively associated with weight -for -height z -score (WHZ) (effect size (ES) 0.65; p<0.001) and weight -for- age z -score (W AZ) (ES 0.28; p<0.01) in Zambia. In Ethiopia, EBF under 6 months of age is negatively associated with height -for- age z - score (HAZ) (ES 0.81; p<0.01). Timely introduction of complementary food between 6- 8 months of age was positively associated with HAZ (ES 1.19; p<0.01) in Zambia. Higher dietary diversity score was associated with higher HAZ (ES 0.23, p<0.001 in Ethiopia; ES 0.12, p<0.01 in Zambia) and WAZ (ES 0.17, p<0.001 in Ethiopia; ES 0.04, p<0.10 in Zambia) in both countries. The findings demonstrate the need to reinforce age - appropriate IYCF practices to address child undernutrition. Special attention is needed to improve the complementary feeding practices, particularly diet diversity for children 6 -23 months of age , while sustaining a focus on EBF among children under 6 months of age, in order to improve overall nutrition al status of young children in Ethiopia and Zambia.

scholarly journals Ethiopian pre-school children consuming a predominantly unrefined plant-based diet have low prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1834-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawd Gashu ◽  
Barbara J Stoecker ◽  
Abdulaziz Adish ◽  
Gulelat D Haki ◽  
Karim Bougma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Low Prevalence

AbstractObjectiveChildren from low-income countries consuming predominantly plant-based diets but little animal products are considered to be at risk of Fe deficiency. The present study determined the Fe status of children from resource-limited rural households.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingTwenty six kebeles (the smallest administrative unit) from six zones of the Amhara region, Ethiopia.SubjectsChildren aged 54–60 months (n 628).ResultsGrain, roots or tubers were the main dietary components consumed by 100 % of the study participants, followed by pulses, legumes or nuts (66·6 %). Consumption of fruit and vegetables (19·3 %) and meat, poultry and fish (2·2 %) was low. Children had a mean dietary diversity score of 2·1 (sd 0·8). Most children (74·8 %, n 470) were in the lowest dietary diversity group (1–2 food groups). Rate of any morbidity in the preceding 14 d was 22·9 % (n 114). Infection or inflammation (α1-acid glycoprotein >1·2 g/l) was present in 30·2 % (n 184) of children. Children had a high rate of stunting (43·2 %). Of the total sample, 13·6 % (n 82) of children were anaemic, 9·1 % (n 57) were Fe deficient and 5·3 % (n 32) had Fe-deficiency anaemia. Fe-deficiency erythropoiesis was present in 14·2 % (n 60) of children.ConclusionsDespite consuming a predominantly plant-based diet and little animal-source foods, there was a low prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia. This illustrates that dietary patterns can be inharmonious with Fe biochemical status; thus, Fe-related interventions require biochemical screening.

From the lens of food accessibility and dietary quality: Gaining insights from urban food security in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-343
Author(s):  
Adesola Ikudayisi ◽  
Victor Okoruwa ◽  
Bolarin Omonona
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Food System ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diet Diversity

Do level of food demanded and dietary diversity jointly provide better estimates on household food security status or is this association modified by level of urbanization within urban setting? To better understand this relationship, we investigated the Nigerian urban household’s food security situation in terms of food access and utilization component through a demand system and diet diversity models using cross-sectional data. Results showed that the food groups considered were normal goods but with varying magnitudes. Most households were price-sensitive, especially to high-value food commodities, while cross-price effect showed a mix of substitute and complementary relationships. However, the level of dietary diversity was moderate. The quantile regression analysis revealed that income and urbanicity index significantly improved consumption of diverse diets, with higher impacts at the lowest quantile. The linkages between rising urbanization and the scourge of food insecurity will require more integration of strategies aimed at tackling the urban food system, infrastructural development and food policy consideration. Therefore, policy options tailored towards better food access and consumption of diverse diet were proffered.

scholarly journals Anthropometric nutritional status, and social and dietary characteristics of African and Indian adolescents taking part in the TALENT (Transforming Adolescent Lives through Nutrition) qualitative study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Caroline HD Fall ◽  
Mubarek Abera ◽  
Harsha Chopra ◽  
Polly Hardy-Johnson ◽  
Ramatoulie E Janha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Low Bmi

Abstract Objective: To describe the anthropometry, socioeconomic circumstances, diet and screen time usage of adolescents in India and Africa as context to a qualitative study of barriers to healthy eating and activity. Design: Cross-sectional survey, including measured height and weight and derived rates of stunting, low BMI, overweight and obesity. Parental schooling and employment status, household assets and amenities, and adolescents’ dietary diversity, intake of snack foods, mobile/smartphone ownership and TV/computer time were obtained via a questionnaire. Setting: Four settings each in Africa (rural villages, West Kiang, The Gambia; low-income urban communities, Abidjan, Cote D’Ivoire; low/middle-class urban communities, Jimma, Ethiopia; low-income township, Johannesburg, South Africa) and India (rural villages, Dervan; semi-rural villages, Pune; city slums, Mumbai; low-middle/middle-class urban communities, Mysore). Participants: Convenience samples (n 41–112 per site) of boys and girls, half aged 10–12 years and another half aged 15–17 years, were recruited for a qualitative study. Results: Both undernutrition (stunting and/or low BMI) and overweight/obesity were present in all settings. Rural settings had the most undernutrition, least overweight/obesity and greatest diet diversity. Urban Johannesburg (27 %) and Abidjan (16 %), and semi-rural Pune (16 %) had the most overweight/obesity. In all settings, adolescents reported low intakes of micronutrient-rich fruits and vegetables, and substantial intakes of salted snacks, cakes/biscuits, sweets and fizzy drinks. Smartphone ownership ranged from 5 % (West Kiang) to 69 % (Johannesburg), higher among older adolescents. Conclusions: The ‘double burden of malnutrition’ is present in all TALENT settings. Greater urban transition is associated with less undernutrition, more overweight/obesity, less diet diversity and higher intakes of unhealthy/snack foods.

scholarly journals Determining minimum food intake amounts for diet diversity scores to maximize associations with nutrient adequacy: an analysis of schoolchildren’s diets in rural Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 2667-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A Gewa ◽  
Suzanne P Murphy ◽  
Robert E Weiss ◽  
Charlotte G Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Group I ◽  
Rural Kenya

AbstractObjectiveTo explore multiple methods of calculating diet diversity scores (DDS) to maximize associations with predicted dietary micronutrient adequacy among schoolchildren in rural Kenya.DesignUp to three 24 h recall interviews were administered for each child for a total of 1544 d of intake from all schoolchildren. Daily amounts of food consumed were assigned to one of eight food groups. Five DDS were developed based on various minimum intake amounts from each food group: (i) 1 g; (ii) 15 g; (iii) a variable minimum based on the content of a target nutrient for each group; (iv) the median intake level for each group; and (v) the 90th percentile intake level for each group. A diet was assigned 1 point towards the daily DDS if the food group intake was above the defined minimum level. Five scores were calculated for each child, and bivariate longitudinal random-effects models were used to assess the correlation between each DDS and the mean probability of adequacy for fourteen nutrients.SettingEmbu District, Kenya.SubjectsSchoolchildren (n 529), mean age 7·00 (sd 1·41) years.ResultsOnly DDS based on a 15 g minimum and DDS based on nutrient content were significantly associated with mean probability of adequacy after adjusting for energy intake (0·21 and 0·41, respectively).ConclusionsA DDS using minimum intakes based on nutrients contributed by a food group best predicted nutrient adequacy in this population. These analyses contribute to the continued search for simpler and more valid dietary quality indicators among low-income nations.

scholarly journals The Influence of Eating at Home on Dietary Diversity and Airway Inflammation in Portuguese School-Aged Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2646
Author(s):  
Francisca de Castro-Mendes ◽  
Pedro Cunha ◽  
Inês Paciência ◽  
João Cavaleiro Rufo ◽  
Mariana Farraia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
P Value ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Respiratory Outcomes ◽  
At Home

Considering the negative impact of a lack of dietary diversity on children’s nutritional status, we aimed to describe dietary variety according to eating at home frequency and assessed its association with respiratory outcomes in school-aged children. This cross-sectional study included 590 children (49% girls) aged 7 to 12 years from 20 public schools located in city of Porto, Portugal. Daily frequency of eating at home groups were calculated and dietary diversity was calculated using a 10-food group score from a 24 h recall questionnaire. Spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide levels (eNO; <35 and ≥35 ppb) were assessed. The comparison of diet diversity according to the groups was performed by ANOVA and ANCOVA. The association between dietary diversity and respiratory outcomes was examined using regression models. In multivariate analysis, children in the highest group of eating at home episodes (≥4 occasions) obtained the lowest dietary diversity mean score, while the lowest group (<2) had the highest mean score (p-value 0.026). After adjustment for confounders, higher diet diversity (≥5 food groups) significantly decreased the odds of having an eNO ≥35. Diet diversity might decrease the chance of airway inflammation among children. However, having more eating episodes at home could be a barrier to a more diverse diet.

scholarly journals Are Women in Rural India Really Consuming a Less Diverse Diet?

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-331
Author(s):  
Soumya Gupta ◽  
Naveen Sunder ◽  
Prabhu L. Pingali
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Household Members ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Food Consumed

Background: It is widely considered that women have less diverse diets than other household members. However, it has been challenging to establish this empirically since women’s diet diversity is measured differently from that of other household members. Objective: In this article, we compare women’s dietary diversity with that of their respective households and thereby generate a measure of “dietary gap.” Methods: We measure women’s “dietary gap” by using the difference of homogenized household and woman dietary scores (using the same scales). This is done using primary data on 3600 households from 4 districts in India. Additionally, we show the robustness of our results to variations in scale and recall periods used to construct the diet diversity scores. Results: Mean difference tests indicate that women consistently consume 0.1 to 0.5 fewer food groups relative to other household members, with the results being statistically significant at the 1% level. The food groups driving this dietary gap are nonstaples like Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, meat/fish/poultry, and dairy. Conclusions: Results point toward the discrimination faced by women in the variety of the food consumed, the importance of considering comparability in creating indices of diet diversity, and the need to collect more detailed information on diets. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine dietary discrimination faced by women using common scales.

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