scholarly journals Determining minimum food intake amounts for diet diversity scores to maximize associations with nutrient adequacy: an analysis of schoolchildren’s diets in rural Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 2667-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A Gewa ◽  
Suzanne P Murphy ◽  
Robert E Weiss ◽  
Charlotte G Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Group I ◽  
Rural Kenya

AbstractObjectiveTo explore multiple methods of calculating diet diversity scores (DDS) to maximize associations with predicted dietary micronutrient adequacy among schoolchildren in rural Kenya.DesignUp to three 24 h recall interviews were administered for each child for a total of 1544 d of intake from all schoolchildren. Daily amounts of food consumed were assigned to one of eight food groups. Five DDS were developed based on various minimum intake amounts from each food group: (i) 1 g; (ii) 15 g; (iii) a variable minimum based on the content of a target nutrient for each group; (iv) the median intake level for each group; and (v) the 90th percentile intake level for each group. A diet was assigned 1 point towards the daily DDS if the food group intake was above the defined minimum level. Five scores were calculated for each child, and bivariate longitudinal random-effects models were used to assess the correlation between each DDS and the mean probability of adequacy for fourteen nutrients.SettingEmbu District, Kenya.SubjectsSchoolchildren (n 529), mean age 7·00 (sd 1·41) years.ResultsOnly DDS based on a 15 g minimum and DDS based on nutrient content were significantly associated with mean probability of adequacy after adjusting for energy intake (0·21 and 0·41, respectively).ConclusionsA DDS using minimum intakes based on nutrients contributed by a food group best predicted nutrient adequacy in this population. These analyses contribute to the continued search for simpler and more valid dietary quality indicators among low-income nations.

scholarly journals Crop diversity is associated with higher child diet diversity in Ethiopia, particularly among low-income households, but not in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Erin E Esaryk ◽  
Sarah Anne Reynolds ◽  
Lia CH Fernald ◽  
Andrew D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Functional Richness

Abstract Objectives: To examine associations of household crop diversity with school-aged child dietary diversity in Vietnam and Ethiopia and mechanisms underlying these associations. Design: We created a child diet diversity score (DDS) using data on seven food groups consumed in the last 24 h. Generalised estimating equations were used to model associations of household-level crop diversity, measured as a count of crop species richness (CSR) and of plant crop nutritional functional richness (CNFR), with DDS. We examined effect modification by household wealth and subsistence orientation, and mediation by the farm’s market orientation. Setting: Two survey years of longitudinal data from the Young Lives cohort. Participants: Children (aged 5 years in 2006 and 8 years in 2009) from rural farming households in Ethiopia (n 1012) and Vietnam (n 1083). Results: There was a small, positive association between household CNFR and DDS in Ethiopia (CNFR–DDS, β = 0·13; (95 % CI 0·07, 0·19)), but not in Vietnam. Associations of crop diversity and child diet diversity were strongest among poor households in Ethiopia and among subsistence-oriented households in Vietnam. Agricultural earnings positively mediated the crop diversity–diet diversity association in Ethiopia. Discussion: Children from households that are poorer and those that rely more on their own agricultural production for food may benefit most from increased crop diversity.

What Do Ontario Children Eat for Breakfast? Food Group, Energy and Macronutrient Intake

2003 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Hooper ◽  
Susan Evers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Prevention Project ◽  
Breakfast Food ◽  
24 Hour Recall

This study included 305 children living in Ontario in 1993. Our objective was to determine the proportion of daily energy and macronutrient intake consumed at breakfast, and the major food groups contributing to this meal. Demographic data were obtained in a parent interview that was part of the prevention project Better Beginnings, Better Futures. A single 24-hour recall among parents indicated that breakfast provided a mean of 1,230 (± 607) kJ. Although only 4.9% (n=15) of children ate nothing at breakfast, 26.9% had <837 kJ. Many (59.7%) had a mid-morning snack; however, children who consumed <837 kJ at breakfast were not more likely to have a snack than were those who had a greater energy intake. The major sources of energy were foods from the milk (27.4%), cereals (22.1%), and breads (14.1%) groups. Energy intake at breakfast was no different in children whose household income was at or above the low-income cutoff than in children whose household income was below the cutoff. While few children missed breakfast, many needed more energy at this meal, and non-economic as well as economic influences on breakfast consumption need to be identified.

scholarly journals Using National Survey Data From Nigeria to Assess Maternal-Child Dietary Concordance and Inform Nutrition Program Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 389-389
Author(s):  
Nadia Akseer ◽  
Rebecca A Heidkamp ◽  
Andrew Thorne-Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Maternal Child

Abstract Objectives Improving child diet diversity is a policy priority in many settings. Multiple factors influence complementary feeding practices in low-income countries including household food access, caregiver-level factors and cultural practices. Child's dietary data is often available in national surveys (i.e., Demographic and Health Surveys, DHS), but they typically lack diet data from adults. The 2018 Nigeria DHS was among the first to measure food group intake in both young children and women. We describe the relationship between child and maternal diet diversity in Nigeria and highlight implications for design of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) programs. Methods Using the Nigeria DHS 2018 dataset, we estimated consumption of individual food groups in the previous 24 hours as well as minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months (MDD-C) and their mothers, women 15–49 years (MDD-W) using WHO-UNICEF definitions. We compare rates of concordance and discordance between n = 8975 mother-child pairs for individual food groups and MDD using McNemar's tests. Probit regression was used to identify drivers of MDD-C. Results Nationally, 22% of children achieve MDD-C; 51% of mothers achieve MDD-W. For both populations, the most commonly consumed group is grains, roots and tubers (&gt;80%) Dairy and eggs are the least consumed. Maternal-child (age 12–23 months) discordance is highest for consumption of legumes and nuts (36%), vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (39%) and other fruits and vegetables (57%); mothers consume these more frequently. Children are more likely than mothers to consume dairy (19% vs 8%) and eggs (8% vs 4%). Maternal-child food group discordance is consistently higher for children 6–11months than children 12–23 months. Results vary at state level and by maternal age group. Children's MDD probability is increased by MDD-W (27%, P &lt; 0.001), higher maternal education (8%, P &lt; 0.01) and household wealth (7%, P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions Maternal and child diet diversity is suboptimal in Nigeria. Maternal diet is a primary driver of child diet in Nigeria. Legumes and nuts and fruits and vegetables are available but not consistently fed to children; an important finding for IYCF program design. The forthcoming DHS-8 core questionnaire will provide child and maternal diet data for more than 90 countries. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Dietary Quality of Women of Reproductive Age in Low-Income Settings: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kyrgyzstan

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Aiperi Otunchieva ◽  
Jamila Smanalieva ◽  
Angelika Ploeger
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy

Dietary diversity and adequate nutrient intake are essential for conducting a healthy life. However, women in low-income settings often face difficulties in ensuring dietary quality. This research assessed relationships between the dietary diversity, nutrient adequacy, and socio-economic factors among women of reproductive age (WRA) in Kyrgyzstan. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in four locations, including two rural and two urban areas in the north and south of Kyrgyzstan. A survey with pre-coded and open-ended questions was employed during the interviews of 423 WRAs aged 18–49. Data collection was conducted in March–May 2021. The average value body mass index (BMI) of WRA was 24.2 ± 4.6 kg/m2. The dietary diversity score (DDS) was higher among rural women (common language effect size) cles = 0.67, adjusted p < 0.001) in the northern region (cles = 0.61, p < 0.05) who have cropland (cles = 0.60, p < 0.001) and a farm animal (cles = 0.60, p < 0.05). Mean nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was below 1 in most micronutrients, whereas thiamine, riboflavin, vitamins B6 and C, folic acid, calcium, and magnesium were even lower than 0.5. Women with a kitchen garden or a cropland had better NAR energy (cles = 0.57), NAR carbohydrate (cles = 0.60), NAR fiber (cles = 0.60), NAR vitamin B1 (cles = 0.53), and NAR folic acid (cles = 0.54). Respondents who receive remittances and a farm animal have better NARs for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamin B1, folic acid, iron, zinc, and mean adequacy ratio for 16 nutrients (MAR 16) than those who do not. Education and income have a negative correlation with dietary quality. This study contributes to the limited literature on the quality of diets in Kyrgyzstan. Hidden hunger and undernutrition are a severe problem among WRA in low-income settings. Recommendations are including study programs in nutrition, teaching households farming practices, and raising awareness on adequate nutrition.

scholarly journals Household food insufficiency is associated with dietary intake in Korean adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1112-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Eun Lee ◽  
Yoon Ju Song ◽  
Young Kim ◽  
Jeongsook Choe ◽  
Hee-Young Paik
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Insufficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association of food insufficiency with dietary intake and eating and health behaviours.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingData were obtained from a secondary source, the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012).SubjectsThe sample size consisted of 15 603 adults over 19 years of age (8898 households).ResultsSignificant differences in socio-economic factors were observed according to food insufficiency level (P<0·05), but BMI was similar among groups. Regarding macronutrients, lower protein intake and higher carbohydrate intake were found in the severely food-insufficient group, but we found no association with fat intake. Regarding micronutrients, Ca, Fe, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin niacin and vitamin C intakes were negatively associated with food insufficiency level (Ptrend<0·05). Consumption of different food groups, such as meat, fish, eggs and beans, vegetables and fruits, was significantly lower as food insufficiency level decreased after controlling for all possible variables; food group consumption also differed by sex. Overall eating and health behaviours were poorer in the mildly and severely food-insufficient groups, who received more food assistance but less nutritional education.ConclusionsOur results showed that dietary intake as well as eating and health behaviours are adversely associated with food insufficiency. These findings suggest that specific strategies to help food-insufficient individuals should be developed in order to improve their dietary quality and health status.

scholarly journals Diet quality – what is it and does it matter?

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2473-2492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Wirt ◽  
Clare E Collins
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
English Language ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quality Tools

AbstractObjectiveMeasures of diet quality have evolved with a number of scoring indices currently in use. They are increasingly being used to examine epidemiological associations between dietary intake and nutrition-related health outcomes. The present review aims to describe current diet quality tools and their applications, and to examine the relationship between diet quality and morbidity and mortality.DesignA search was conducted of MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, CINAHL and ProQuest electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were: English language; published from 2004 on; conducted in adult populations; longitudinal/cohort/case–control or cross-sectional study; included a theoretically defined measure of diet quality.ResultsA total of twenty-five indices of overall diet quality and/or variety were found, with components ranging from nutrients only to adherence to recommended food group servings, to variety within healthful food groups. The majority of studies reviewed had methodological weaknesses but demonstrated that higher dietary quality was consistently inversely related to all-cause mortality, with a protective effect of moderate magnitude. The associations were stronger for men and for all-cause and CVD mortality.ConclusionsThe limitations of both the indices and the studies that use them need to be considered when interpreting and comparing results. However, diet quality indices do appear to be able to quantify risk of some health outcomes, including biomarkers of disease and risk of CVD, some cancers and mortality. Further research is needed to improve the validity of these tools and to adapt them for use in clinical dietetic practice.

scholarly journals A Novel Food-Based Diet Quality Score Is Associated with Nutrient Adequacy and Reduced Anemia Among Rural Adults in Ten African Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1381-1381
Author(s):  
Sabri Bromage ◽  
Yiwen Zhang ◽  
Michelle Holmes ◽  
Wafaie Fawzi ◽  
Sonia Sachs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy

Abstract Objectives We aimed to develop and evaluate an easily-tabulated metric that is sensitive to diet quality in diverse settings. In this analysis, we examined associations between a novel food-based metric – the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) - and diet quality using data from rural Africa. Methods The GDQS gives points for higher intake of 16 healthy food groups and lower intake of 9 unhealthy groups, based on 3 intake ranges for each group. We scored the GDQS using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data from 1613 men and 1710 nonpregnant nonlactating women ages 15–49 (median: 30) in 12 rural African villages participating in the Millennium Villages Project in 2006 to 2009. We evaluated associations between the GDQS and nutrient intakes calculated from the same FFQ, body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), hemoglobin, and an overall nutrient adequacy score ranging from 0 to 7 (1 point given for each of 7 nutrients meeting average requirements). Associations were also derived for GDQS submetrics (GDQS+ and GDQS−) computed using only healthy or unhealthy food groups, respectively, and simplified versions of the GDQS and submetrics (scored using 2 intake ranges for each food group). Results Moderate rank correlations were observed between the GDQS+ and energy-adjusted intakes of fiber (women: 0.43, men: 0.33), folate (0.40, 0.30), vitamin A (0.40, 0.34), and zinc (0.38, 0.30), exceeding correlations with the Minimum Dietary Diversity Score for Women (p for difference between metrics &lt;0.05 for fiber and folate in both sexes). The simplified GDQS- correlated moderately with energy-adjusted saturated fat intake (women: 0.35, men: 0.29). Rank correlations between the GDQS+ and overall nutrient adequacy score differed notably by country (range: 0.34–0.75), but not by age or season. Adjusting for age, interview month, and household size, the GDQS and GDQS+ were associated with hemoglobin and anemia (p for difference between metrics &gt;0.05): women and men in the highest GDQS+ quintile had an OR of anemia of 0.25 (95% CI 0.09, 0.68) and 0.16 (95% CI 0.04, 0.46), respectively, relative to those in the lowest. Metrics were not associated with BMI or MUAC in adjusted analyses. Conclusions The GDQS and submetrics were associated with nutrient intakes, hemoglobin, and reduced anemia in rural African adults. Funding Sources Intake - Center for Dietary Assessment at FHI Solutions.

From the lens of food accessibility and dietary quality: Gaining insights from urban food security in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-343
Author(s):  
Adesola Ikudayisi ◽  
Victor Okoruwa ◽  
Bolarin Omonona
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Food System ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diet Diversity

Do level of food demanded and dietary diversity jointly provide better estimates on household food security status or is this association modified by level of urbanization within urban setting? To better understand this relationship, we investigated the Nigerian urban household’s food security situation in terms of food access and utilization component through a demand system and diet diversity models using cross-sectional data. Results showed that the food groups considered were normal goods but with varying magnitudes. Most households were price-sensitive, especially to high-value food commodities, while cross-price effect showed a mix of substitute and complementary relationships. However, the level of dietary diversity was moderate. The quantile regression analysis revealed that income and urbanicity index significantly improved consumption of diverse diets, with higher impacts at the lowest quantile. The linkages between rising urbanization and the scourge of food insecurity will require more integration of strategies aimed at tackling the urban food system, infrastructural development and food policy consideration. Therefore, policy options tailored towards better food access and consumption of diverse diet were proffered.

scholarly journals A Food Group Based Approach to Satisfy Nutrient Recommendations in Toddlers (12-24 Months) Using Dietary Modelling (P11-091-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda O'Neill ◽  
Anne Dattilo ◽  
Matthieu Maillot ◽  
Florent Vieux ◽  
Jose Saavedra
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Food Component ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to optimize the quantity of daily intake of food groups to meet energy, nutrient needs, and to assess differences in diets using fortified versus unfortified foods to provide nutrient adequacy in the second year of life. Methods Mathematical modeling was applied to the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2016 (observed diet) data set to develop optimized theoretical toddler (12 – 24 months old) diets. The model was constrained to meet median energy requirements and appropriate nutrient reference values and minimize the deviation from the average observed diet. Only the complementary food component of the diet was modelled. Using the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR, version 2015: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN), the current US fortification of grains and dairy were accounted for and the analysis was repeated without fortification. Results The mathematically modeled diets revealed a lower quantity of food (613 to 732 g/day less) and energy (449.3 kcal/per day) were needed to meet nutrient recommendations, compared to the observed diet. The modelled diets contained less meat and fish and less starches and grains, compared to the observed diet. However, the modelled diets contained greater quantities of vegetables and fruit than the observed diet. Additional fruit and vegetables were required when the modelled diet was unfortified rather than when it was fortified. However, the fortified diet allowed for greater variety, and inclusion of other dairy (yogurt and cheese), and starches and grains compared with the unfortified diet. In terms of nutrient adequacy, the modelled fortifed diet met all recommendations, whereas the unfortified diet met all but vitamin D. Conclusions Our results indicate that with the exception of Vitamin D, nutrient needs of young toddler age children can be satisfied with lower and more appropriate energy intake than currently observed. These findings can assist with dietary recommendations based on a food group approach, for meal planning, or for the development of food based dietary guidelines. Funding Sources Nestlé Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland.

scholarly journals Nutrient Density as a Dimension of Dietary Quality: Findings of the Nutrient Density Approach in a Multi-Center Evaluation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4016
Author(s):  
Marieke Vossenaar ◽  
Noel W. Solomons ◽  
Siti Muslimatun ◽  
Mieke Faber ◽  
Olga P. García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Adequacy ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Public Health Epidemiology

The nutrient adequacy of a diet is typically assessed by comparing estimated nutrient intakes with established average nutrient requirements; this approach does not consider total energy consumed. In this multinational survey investigation in Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa, we explore the applications of the “critical nutrient-density approach”—which brings energy requirements into the equation—in the context of public health epidemiology. We conducted 24 h dietary recalls in convenience samples of normal-weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2) or obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), low-income women in three settings (n = 290). Dietary adequacy was assessed both in absolute terms and using the nutrient density approach. No significant differences in energy and nutrient intakes were observed between normal-weight and obese women within any of the three samples (p > 0.05). Both the cut-point method (% of EAR) and critical nutrient density approach revealed a high probability of inadequate intakes for several micronutrients but with poor concordance between the two methods. We conclude that it may often require some approximate estimate of the habitual energy intake from an empirical source to apply a true critical nutrient density reference for a population or subgroup. This will logically signify that there would be more “problem nutrients” in the diets examined with this nutrient density approach, and efforts toward improved food selection or food- or biofortification will frequently be indicated.

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