The Influence of Eating at Home on Dietary Diversity and Airway Inflammation in Portuguese School-Aged Children

Considering the negative impact of a lack of dietary diversity on children’s nutritional status, we aimed to describe dietary variety according to eating at home frequency and assessed its association with respiratory outcomes in school-aged children. This cross-sectional study included 590 children (49% girls) aged 7 to 12 years from 20 public schools located in city of Porto, Portugal. Daily frequency of eating at home groups were calculated and dietary diversity was calculated using a 10-food group score from a 24 h recall questionnaire. Spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide levels (eNO; <35 and ≥35 ppb) were assessed. The comparison of diet diversity according to the groups was performed by ANOVA and ANCOVA. The association between dietary diversity and respiratory outcomes was examined using regression models. In multivariate analysis, children in the highest group of eating at home episodes (≥4 occasions) obtained the lowest dietary diversity mean score, while the lowest group (<2) had the highest mean score (p-value 0.026). After adjustment for confounders, higher diet diversity (≥5 food groups) significantly decreased the odds of having an eNO ≥35. Diet diversity might decrease the chance of airway inflammation among children. However, having more eating episodes at home could be a barrier to a more diverse diet.

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Crop diversity is associated with higher child diet diversity in Ethiopia, particularly among low-income households, but not in Vietnam

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021003281 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Erin E Esaryk ◽

Sarah Anne Reynolds ◽

Lia CH Fernald ◽

Andrew D Jones

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Positive Association ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Crop Diversity ◽

Food Groups ◽

Crop Species ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Household Level ◽

Functional Richness

Abstract Objectives: To examine associations of household crop diversity with school-aged child dietary diversity in Vietnam and Ethiopia and mechanisms underlying these associations. Design: We created a child diet diversity score (DDS) using data on seven food groups consumed in the last 24 h. Generalised estimating equations were used to model associations of household-level crop diversity, measured as a count of crop species richness (CSR) and of plant crop nutritional functional richness (CNFR), with DDS. We examined effect modification by household wealth and subsistence orientation, and mediation by the farm’s market orientation. Setting: Two survey years of longitudinal data from the Young Lives cohort. Participants: Children (aged 5 years in 2006 and 8 years in 2009) from rural farming households in Ethiopia (n 1012) and Vietnam (n 1083). Results: There was a small, positive association between household CNFR and DDS in Ethiopia (CNFR–DDS, β = 0·13; (95 % CI 0·07, 0·19)), but not in Vietnam. Associations of crop diversity and child diet diversity were strongest among poor households in Ethiopia and among subsistence-oriented households in Vietnam. Agricultural earnings positively mediated the crop diversity–diet diversity association in Ethiopia. Discussion: Children from households that are poorer and those that rely more on their own agricultural production for food may benefit most from increased crop diversity.

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Do Dietary Diversity Indices Reflect the Nutritional Status of School Aged Children?

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics ◽

10.21048/ijnd.2016.53.4.8399 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 405 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. J. Nithya ◽

R. V. Bhavani

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

School Children ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Good Health ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Food Groups ◽

Anthropometric Indices ◽

Nutrient Adequacy ◽

School Aged Children ◽

The Mean

Dietary Diversity, with foods from all food groups is necessary to meet the requirements for essential nutrients which lead to good health. This study examines whether different dietary diversity indices have relationship with the nutritional status of school children aged 6 to 12 years, in two different regions of India: Wardha district, Maharashtra and Koraput district, Odisha. Dietary diversity was calculated using three methods: Individual food scores calculated using 24 hour diet recall (FS24hr) data; household dietary diversity using Berry's index (DDI) and food scores calculated using food frequency data (FSFFQ). Anthropometric indices were used to assess the nutritional status of school aged children. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) were calculated as indicators of nutrient adequacy. The relationship between NAR, MAR and three different diversity indices, dietary diversity and anthropometric indices were analyzed. Overall, 38% of 6 to 12 year school aged children were found to be undernourished. The NAR was <70% for all nutrients except protein, energy, thiamine and niacin and MAR was found to be <70% of requirement with mean of 60.5% in both locations. The dietary diversity was found to be relatively better in Wardha when compared with Koraput. The mean diversity indices in both the locations were FS24hr 7.56, DDI 89 and FSFFQ 62.9. Overall most of the nutrient adequacy and mean adequacy were correlated with all three dietary diversity indices when both locations were studied together. However all three dietary diversity indices failed to show any relationship with nutritional status of school children aged 6-12 years from both locations taken together.

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Market Access, Production Diversity, and Diet Diversity: Evidence From India

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572120920061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 167-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Soumya Gupta ◽

Naveen Sunder ◽

Prabhu L. Pingali

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Market Integration ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Recall Period ◽

Food Groups ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Farm Production ◽

Field Level ◽

Production Diversity ◽

On Farm

Background: Recent literature, largely from Africa, shows mixed effects of own-production on diet diversity. However, the role of own-production, relative to markets, in influencing food consumption becomes more pronounced as market integration increases. Objective: This paper investigates the relative importance of two factors - production diversity and household market integration - for the intake of a nutritious diet by women and households in rural India. Methods: Data analysis is based on primary data from an extensive agriculture-nutrition survey of 3600 Indian households that was collected in 2017. Dietary diversity scores are constructed for women and households is based on 24-hour and 7-day recall periods. Household market integration is measured as monthly household expenditure on key non-staple food groups. We measure production diversity in two ways - field-level and on-farm production diversity - in order to account for the cereal centric rice-wheat cropping system found in our study locations. The analysis is based on Ordinary Least Squares regressions where we control for a variety of village, household, and individual level covariates that affect food consumption, and village fixed effects. Robustness checks are done by way of using a Poisson regression specifications and 7-day recall period. Results: Conventional measures of field-level production diversity, like the number of crops or food groups grown, have no significant association with diet diversity. In contrast, it is on-farm production diversity (the field-level cultivation of pulses and on-farm livestock management, and kitchen gardens in the longer run) that is significantly associated with improved dietary diversity scores, thus suggesting the importance of non-staples in improving both individual and household dietary diversity. Furthermore, market purchases of non-staples like pulses and dairy products are associated with a significantly higher dietary diversity. Other significant determinants of dietary diversity include women’s literacy and awareness of nutrition. These results mostly remain robust to changes in the recall period of the diet diversity measure and the nature of the empirical specification. Conclusions: This study contributes to the scarce empirical evidence related to diets in India. Additionally, our results indicate some key intervention areas - promoting livestock rearing, strengthening households’ market integration (for purchase of non-staples) and increasing women’s awareness about nutrition. These are more impactful than raising production diversity.

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Using National Survey Data From Nigeria to Assess Maternal-Child Dietary Concordance and Inform Nutrition Program Strategy

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab038_001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 389-389

Author(s):

Nadia Akseer ◽

Rebecca A Heidkamp ◽

Andrew Thorne-Lyman

Keyword(s):

Maternal Education ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Food Group ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Food Groups ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Maternal Child

Abstract Objectives Improving child diet diversity is a policy priority in many settings. Multiple factors influence complementary feeding practices in low-income countries including household food access, caregiver-level factors and cultural practices. Child's dietary data is often available in national surveys (i.e., Demographic and Health Surveys, DHS), but they typically lack diet data from adults. The 2018 Nigeria DHS was among the first to measure food group intake in both young children and women. We describe the relationship between child and maternal diet diversity in Nigeria and highlight implications for design of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) programs. Methods Using the Nigeria DHS 2018 dataset, we estimated consumption of individual food groups in the previous 24 hours as well as minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months (MDD-C) and their mothers, women 15–49 years (MDD-W) using WHO-UNICEF definitions. We compare rates of concordance and discordance between n = 8975 mother-child pairs for individual food groups and MDD using McNemar's tests. Probit regression was used to identify drivers of MDD-C. Results Nationally, 22% of children achieve MDD-C; 51% of mothers achieve MDD-W. For both populations, the most commonly consumed group is grains, roots and tubers (>80%) Dairy and eggs are the least consumed. Maternal-child (age 12–23 months) discordance is highest for consumption of legumes and nuts (36%), vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (39%) and other fruits and vegetables (57%); mothers consume these more frequently. Children are more likely than mothers to consume dairy (19% vs 8%) and eggs (8% vs 4%). Maternal-child food group discordance is consistently higher for children 6–11months than children 12–23 months. Results vary at state level and by maternal age group. Children's MDD probability is increased by MDD-W (27%, P < 0.001), higher maternal education (8%, P < 0.01) and household wealth (7%, P < 0.01). Conclusions Maternal and child diet diversity is suboptimal in Nigeria. Maternal diet is a primary driver of child diet in Nigeria. Legumes and nuts and fruits and vegetables are available but not consistently fed to children; an important finding for IYCF program design. The forthcoming DHS-8 core questionnaire will provide child and maternal diet data for more than 90 countries. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in Ethiopia and Zambia and their association with child nutrition: Analysis of demographic and health survey data

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ◽

10.18697/ajfand.50.11320 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (50) ◽

pp. 5895-5914

Author(s):

AD Disha ◽

◽

R Rawat ◽

A Subandoro ◽

P Menon

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Health Survey ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Complementary Food ◽

World Health ◽

Food Groups ◽

Z Score ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding

Data from the 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2007 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS) were analyzed to examine the association between World Health Organization (WHO) recommended IYCF indicators and nutritional status among children 0- 23 months of age in Ethiopia and Zambia. A total of 1810 and 2512 children within this age group from Ethiopia and Zambia , respectively , were included in the analysis. Exclusive breast -feeding among children 0- 5.9 months of age is low in both Ethiopia (43 % ) and Zambia (51 % ). Timely introduction of complementary food is lower in Ethiopia (61 %) compared to Zambia (90 %). Only 7 percent of children between 6- 23 months of age consumed diets that met the minimum dietary diversity requirement of four or more food groups consumed per day compared to 37 % in Zambia. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses using appropriate measures to account for the complex survey design were applied to examine the associations between IYCF practices and child anthropometry. Linear regression results show that exclusive breast -feeding (EBF) is positively associated with weight -for -height z -score (WHZ) (effect size (ES) 0.65; p<0.001) and weight -for- age z -score (W AZ) (ES 0.28; p<0.01) in Zambia. In Ethiopia, EBF under 6 months of age is negatively associated with height -for- age z - score (HAZ) (ES 0.81; p<0.01). Timely introduction of complementary food between 6- 8 months of age was positively associated with HAZ (ES 1.19; p<0.01) in Zambia. Higher dietary diversity score was associated with higher HAZ (ES 0.23, p<0.001 in Ethiopia; ES 0.12, p<0.01 in Zambia) and WAZ (ES 0.17, p<0.001 in Ethiopia; ES 0.04, p<0.10 in Zambia) in both countries. The findings demonstrate the need to reinforce age - appropriate IYCF practices to address child undernutrition. Special attention is needed to improve the complementary feeding practices, particularly diet diversity for children 6 -23 months of age , while sustaining a focus on EBF among children under 6 months of age, in order to improve overall nutrition al status of young children in Ethiopia and Zambia.

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Difference in the association of food security and dietary diversity with and without imposed ten grams minimum consumption

Journal of Public Health Research ◽

10.4081/jphr.2020.1736 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Trias Mahmudiono ◽

Dwi Putri Pangesti Suro Andadari ◽

Calista Segalita

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

Population Level ◽

P Value ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Minimum Requirement ◽

Dietary Diversity Score ◽

The Difference ◽

Diversity Measurement ◽

Food Consumed

Background: Dietary diversity measurement is one of the simple tools to assess the quality of food consumed in population-level and endorse by many international agencies. However, there is a growing concern that the current dietary diversity measures were lacking in the sensitivity due to the omission of minimum food consumed to be considered as consuming certain food groups in the calculation of dietary diversity score. The purpose of this study is to find the difference in DDS measurement between two methods by applying a 10-grams minimum intake for all food groups and the other one, without. Design: A cross-sectional studies involving 55 samples from two villages with different geographical characteristics. Methods: One village represents the agricultural area; other was fishpond/coastal area. Dietary diversity was analyzed using Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) with 9 food categorizations. Dietary diversity measurement calculated based on the food recall with consideration of 10 grams minimum of food weight consumption. Mann Whitney Test used to analyze the difference between calculation of dietary diversity score with and without minimum 10-grams. Results: There is no difference of children’s dietary diversity between agriculture and fishpond family group when the dietary diversity was omitting 10 grams minimum intake (p-value=0.184), while, using 10 grams minimums intake (p=0.024), there is a difference. Conclusions: Using 10 grams minimum had shown to strengthened the relationship between dietary diversity and adequacy. Further research is needed to find other minimum requirement in different kind of population to find differences among them.

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The Impact of Wealth Status on Food Intake Patterns in Filipino School-Aged Children and Adolescents

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11122910 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2910

Author(s):

Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa ◽

Yvonne M. Lenighan ◽

Emma F. Jacquier ◽

Marvin B. Toledo ◽

Mario V. Capanzana

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

Age Groups ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Primary Source ◽

Food Groups ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Wealth Status ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Filipino Children ◽

The Impact

Socio-economic status (SES) has an impact on food consumption in developing countries. However, the impact of SES on dietary patterns in Filipino school-aged children is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to fill this knowledge gap, using data from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake of 11,691 children (6–18 years) were assessed using a 24-h recall. All food and beverages were assigned to one of 85 food groups. Mean daily intake, percent consuming (prevalence), and contribution to energy intake were determined, and stratified by SES, in 6–9 years old, 10–12 years old, and 13–18 years old. Rice was the most consumed food and the primary source of energy across all three age groups, independent of SES. Children of poor SES presented greater consumption of fish, vegetables, fruit, and table sugar (p < 0.05). In comparison, children of rich and middle SES presented greater consumption of milk, chicken, pork, sausages, and soft-drinks (p < 0.05). In conclusion, SES impacts the type of foods consumed by Filipino children, with children in the poorest households being most at risk of consuming low-variety diets. This analysis could be used to support public health strategies to improve dietary diversity, and potentially nutrient intake, in Filipino children.

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From the lens of food accessibility and dietary quality: Gaining insights from urban food security in Nigeria

Outlook on Agriculture ◽

10.1177/0030727019866462 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 336-343

Author(s):

Adesola Ikudayisi ◽

Victor Okoruwa ◽

Bolarin Omonona

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Access ◽

Food System ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Household Food Security ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diet Diversity

Do level of food demanded and dietary diversity jointly provide better estimates on household food security status or is this association modified by level of urbanization within urban setting? To better understand this relationship, we investigated the Nigerian urban household’s food security situation in terms of food access and utilization component through a demand system and diet diversity models using cross-sectional data. Results showed that the food groups considered were normal goods but with varying magnitudes. Most households were price-sensitive, especially to high-value food commodities, while cross-price effect showed a mix of substitute and complementary relationships. However, the level of dietary diversity was moderate. The quantile regression analysis revealed that income and urbanicity index significantly improved consumption of diverse diets, with higher impacts at the lowest quantile. The linkages between rising urbanization and the scourge of food insecurity will require more integration of strategies aimed at tackling the urban food system, infrastructural development and food policy consideration. Therefore, policy options tailored towards better food access and consumption of diverse diet were proffered.

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Are Women in Rural India Really Consuming a Less Diverse Diet?

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572120943780 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 318-331

Author(s):

Soumya Gupta ◽

Naveen Sunder ◽

Prabhu L. Pingali

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Primary Data ◽

Rural India ◽

Food Groups ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Household Members ◽

The Difference ◽

Food Consumed

Background: It is widely considered that women have less diverse diets than other household members. However, it has been challenging to establish this empirically since women’s diet diversity is measured differently from that of other household members. Objective: In this article, we compare women’s dietary diversity with that of their respective households and thereby generate a measure of “dietary gap.” Methods: We measure women’s “dietary gap” by using the difference of homogenized household and woman dietary scores (using the same scales). This is done using primary data on 3600 households from 4 districts in India. Additionally, we show the robustness of our results to variations in scale and recall periods used to construct the diet diversity scores. Results: Mean difference tests indicate that women consistently consume 0.1 to 0.5 fewer food groups relative to other household members, with the results being statistically significant at the 1% level. The food groups driving this dietary gap are nonstaples like Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, meat/fish/poultry, and dairy. Conclusions: Results point toward the discrimination faced by women in the variety of the food consumed, the importance of considering comparability in creating indices of diet diversity, and the need to collect more detailed information on diets. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine dietary discrimination faced by women using common scales.

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Dietary diversity and supplement use among nursing students

Polish Annals of Medicine ◽

10.29089/2019.19.00073 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sedigheh Pakseresht ◽

Arezoo Monfared ◽

Azadeh Zebhi ◽

Nasrin Mokhtari Lake ◽

Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan

Keyword(s):

Nursing Students ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Food Groups ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Supplement Usage

Introduction Poor nutrition causes many chronic diseases in developed and developing countries. Dietary diversity is one indicator that reflects the state of the whole diet. Aim The study aimed to determine the diet diversity and supplement usage of nursing students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Material and methods In this cross-sectional study, 185 nursing students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, participated, and the classification (relative) method was used. Information was collected through questionnaires completed in interviews. The questionnaires had three parts: demographic data, dietary diversity score (DDS; food frequency questionnaire), and supplement usage. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results and discussion The results indicated that the average consumption rates of items from the five main food groups were 0.91 ± 0.24 scores (bread and cereals), 1.3 ± 0.49 (meat), 0.84 ± 0.59 (dairy), 0.53 ± 0.35 (cereals and vegetables), and 1.01 ± 0.58 (fruits). The findings showed that the average consumption rates of the different food categories were not similar. According to an evaluation by Kant (maximum score of 10), the average overall DDS of students was 4.60 ± 1.37 scores, which is undesirable. The highest percentage of deficiency was related to vegetables (73.67), while the lowest percentage of deficiency was related to meats (34.73). Conclusions Using DDSs is a good way to determine the diet of various communities in terms of nutritional value, and it can help predict diet adequacy. In cases of insufficient dietary diversity and supplement usage, educating people on how to follow a healthy diet is critically important for disease prevention

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