Of ‘Little People’ and Ancient Monuments

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ton Lemaire
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Cultural Biography ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Modem World ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Ancient Monuments

Roymans' article is an original and valuable contribution to an interpretation of the ‘cultural biography’ of the landscape of a specific area by combining archaeological and folkloric evidence. His study concentrates on the sacred places of this landscape, especially the urnfields and barrows, because ‘these are focal points from which local communities order and interpret the surrounding landscape’. The author rightly stresses that funerary monuments not only had a certain significance in the societies that constructed and used them, but that they also had a prominent place in the landscape of later societies up until pre-modern times. He suggests that, in the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region, there has been ‘a long-term incorporation of prehistorical burial monuments in the mythical landscape of later inhabitants’. Archaeology itself, for that matter, should be understood in the perspective of the (dis)continuing biography of the landscape because it presupposes the destruction of the ancient mythical geography, including the Christian one. Archaeology is the product of the ‘modernisation’ of space: it is presupposing and reflecting (upon) the coming of the modem world with its rationalisation and Entzauberung (disenchantment) of the landscape. In a similar way the study of folklore (Volkskunde in both Dutch and German) has been made possible and interesting by the waning of rural popular culture as a consequence of both the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution. Thus, it is no accident that modernity produced the conditions of becoming aware of the mythical meaning of the landscape exactly at the time that its traces are disappearing in the physical landscape as well as in the memory of the rural population.

The epidemic of COVID-19 prompted widespread use of mRNA vaccinations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Distribution Limits ◽  
Extrahepatic Tissues

COVID-19 challenge resulted in huge expenditure in mRNA-lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) manufacturing. Hundreds of billions are produced for human use. This is a significant shift, inconceivable only a year ago. If an LNP platform can traverse thick mucus in patients with respiratory difficulties (such as cystic fibrosis) or target extrahepatic tissues in the future, multi-billion-dose procedures are in place to serve a significant number of patients with unusual genetic diseases (>100,000 individuals). Due to LNPs' versatility in delivering genome editing components, a successful strategy might be easily scaled up and employed to successfully eliminate a rare disease with a single treatment.COVID-19 led to widespread usage of mRNA vaccines. For years, academic and industrial scientists have worked intensely to produce these technologies. Although not enough time to analyze the long-term effects of mRNA vaccines, phase III clinical studies of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines showed around 95 percent efficacy and outstanding safety profiles. The COVID-19 outbreak laid the stage for scaling and overcoming distribution limits that would otherwise have taken decades. RNA treatments and nanomedicine as a field will never be the same again, and will take center stage. The Enlightenment Age of the RNA nanotherapeutics sector is coming to an end, and the area is ready for a full-scale industrial revolution.

Coal's Persistence in the Capitalist World-Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Gellert ◽  
Paul S. Ciccantell
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Ecological Modernization ◽  
World Systems ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Capitalist World Economy ◽  
Capitalist World

Predominant analyses of energy offer insufficient theoretical and political-economic insight into the persistence of coal and other fossil fuels. The dominant narrative of coal powering the Industrial Revolution, and Great Britain's world dominance in the nineteenth century giving way to a U.S.- and oil-dominated twentieth century, is marred by teleological assumptions. The key assumption that a complete energy “transition” will occur leads some to conceive of a renewable-energy-dominated twenty-first century led by China. After critiquing the teleological assumptions of modernization, ecological modernization, energetics, and even world-systems analysis of energy “transition,” this paper offers a world-systems perspective on the “raw” materialism of coal. Examining the material characteristics of coal and the unequal structure of the world-economy, the paper uses long-term data from governmental and private sources to reveal the lack of transition as new sources of energy are added. The increases in coal consumption in China and India as they have ascended in the capitalist world-economy have more than offset the leveling-off and decline in some core nations. A true global peak and decline (let alone full substitution) in energy generally and coal specifically has never happened. The future need not repeat the past, but technical, policy, and movement approaches will not get far without addressing the structural imperatives of capitalist growth and the uneven power structures and processes of long-term change of the world-system.

scholarly journals Progress and challenges of implantable neural interfaces based on nature-derived materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Redolfi Riva ◽  
Silvestro Micera
Keyword(s):  
Interface Design ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Neural Interface ◽  
Neural Interfaces ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Response ◽  
The Impact

AbstractNeural interfaces are bioelectronic devices capable of stimulating a population of neurons or nerve fascicles and recording electrical signals in a specific area. Despite their success in restoring sensory-motor functions in people with disabilities, their long-term exploitation is still limited by poor biocompatibility, mechanical mismatch between the device and neural tissue and the risk of a chronic inflammatory response upon implantation.In this context, the use of nature-derived materials can help address these issues. Examples of these materials, such as extracellular matrix proteins, peptides, lipids and polysaccharides, have been employed for decades in biomedical science. Their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability in the absence of toxic compound release, physiochemical properties that are similar to those of human tissues and reduced immunogenicity make them outstanding candidates to improve neural interface biocompatibility and long-term implantation safety. The objective of this review is to highlight progress and challenges concerning the impact of nature-derived materials on neural interface design. The use of these materials as biocompatible coatings and as building blocks of insulation materials for use in implantable neural interfaces is discussed. Moreover, future perspectives are presented to show the increasingly important uses of these materials for neural interface fabrication and their possible use for other applications in the framework of neural engineering.

scholarly journals “Industrious Revolution” Revisited: A Variety of Diligence Derived from a Long-Term Local History of Kuta in Kyô-Otagi, a Former County in Japan

Histories ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
Satoshi Murayama ◽  
Hiroko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local History ◽  
The Self ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Original Theory ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
History Of

Jan de Vries revised Akira Hayami’s original theory of the “Industrious Revolution” to make the idea more applicable to early modern commercialization in Europe, showcasing the development of the rural proletariat and especially the consumer revolution and women’s emancipation on the way toward an “Industrial Revolution.” However, Japanese villages followed a different path from the Western trajectory of the “Industrious Revolution,” which is recognized as the first step to industrialization. This article will explore how a different form of “industriousness” developed in Japan, covering medieval, early modern, and modern times. It will first describe why the communal village system was established in Japan and how this unique institution, the self-reliance system of a village, affected commercialization and industrialization and was sustained until modern times. Then, the local history of Kuta Village in Kyô-Otagi, a former county located close to Kyoto, is considered over the long term, from medieval through modern times. Kuta was not directly affected by the siting of new industrial production bases and the changes brought to villages located nearer to Kyoto. A variety of diligent interactions with living spaces is introduced to demonstrate that the industriousness of local women was characterized by conscience-driven perseverance.

scholarly journals Long-term Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics at SPRUCE Revealed through Stable Isotopes in Peat Profiles

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik A. Hobbie ◽  
Janet Chen ◽  
Paul J. Hanson ◽  
Colleen M. Iversen ◽  
Karis J. Mcfarlane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Aerobic Decomposition ◽  
C And N ◽  
C And N Cycling ◽  
Δ15n And Δ13c ◽  
Forested Bog

Abstract. We used δ15N and δ13C patterns from 16 peat depth profiles to interpret changes in C and N cycling in the Marcell S1 forested bog in northern Minnesota over the past ~ 10 000 years. In multiple regression analyses, δ15N and δ13C correlated strongly with depth, plot location, C / N, %N, and each other. Continuous variables in the regression model mainly reflected 13C and 15N fractionation accompanying N and C losses, with an estimated 40 % of fractionations involving C-N bonds. In contrast, nominal variables such as plot, depth, and vegetation cover reflected peatland successional history and climate. Higher δ15N and lower δ13C in plots closer to uplands may reflect distinct hydrology and accompanying shifts in C and N dynamics in the lagg drainage area surrounding the bog. The Suess effect (declining δ13CO2 since the Industrial Revolution) and aerobic decomposition lowered δ13C in recent surficial samples. A decrease of 1 ‰ in the depth coefficient for δ15N from −35 cm to −25 cm probably indicated the depth of ectomycorrhizal activity after tree colonization of the peatland. Low δ13C at −213 cm and −225 cm (~ 8500 years BP) corresponded to a warm period during a sedge-dominated rich fen stage, whereas higher δ13C thereafter reflected subsequent cooling. Because of multiple potential mechanisms influencing δ13C, there was no clear evidence for the influence of methanogenesis or methane oxidation on bulk δ13C.

scholarly journals The Inspiration of European Countries’ Rural Value Orientation to China’s Rural Revitalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Yong-Sheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Rural Construction ◽  
Selection Of

The economy of European countries developed rapidly after the Western Industrial Revolution, and the rural areas of European countries also experienced long-term failure and depression. In the process of urbanization construction, the rural construction also faced many problems. In particular, after the urbanization rate exceeded 50%, European countries took targeted measures to revitalize rural areas in response to many problems in rural development, promoting the development process of urban-rural integration. Especially in Europe in the value orientation in the process of rural construction, there are many worth learning and using for reference of experience, in this paper, the European countries value index selection of rural construction, and implementation of rural construction scheme under this value orientation [1] research summary, draw lessons from the mature experience of the European countries rural construction, combined with China’s national conditions related to rural revitalization of advice are put forward.

scholarly journals DESAIN SISTEM PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH BERBASIS SMART CLASSROOM MENGGUNAKAN LAYANAN LIVE VIDEO WEBCASTING

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Yasdinul Huda ◽  
Delsina Faiza
Keyword(s):  
Blended Learning ◽  
System Design ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Live Video ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Smart Classroom ◽  
Virtual Class

The research aims to provide broad access to education for people in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 through various higher education institutions that actively participate using the Blended Learning model. The long-term goal of this research is to develop innovative and flexible learning models based on Smart Classroom. System design in this study was developed to realize a balance between virtual teaching (virtual class) and face-to-face (physical class) that takes place at the same time using the Live Video Webcasting service. The research method uses a quantitative approach and the type of research is R & D adopting the Thiagarajan 4D development model. This research produces a Smart Classroom system based on Streaming Webcast through several stages, namely: (1) System Design, (2) System Creation, (3) System Testing. This developed system allows interaction in learning in the physical class as well as teaching in a virtual class remotely.Keywords: Revolusi Industri 4.0, Blended Learning, Smart Classroom, Live Video Webcasting.

scholarly journals Sustainable activities in manufacturing enterprises: Consumers’ expectations

Upravlenets ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Patrícia Jánošová
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Materials Used

Generating profit is one of the primary reasons behind the establishment and functioning of any enterprise that predetermines its behavior, inter alia, in the context of sustainability. Manufacturing enterprises are a specific area in terms of sustainability, as they have a great impact on social and environmental indicators. The paper analyses the issues of sustainable production in the Slovak Republic. The methodological basis of the study is the triple-bottom line concept. The methods used in the paper are analysis, synthesis and comparison. Within the framework of the research, the author has conducted two surveys in the form of open-ended questions. The first part is dedicated to consumers’ evaluation of the production activity of manufacturing enterprises. Consumers as stakeholders of an enterprise have a significant influence on its activities due to the fact that they create market demand. The survey results show that the main methods for stimulating consumers’ sustainable behaviour are the use of compostable packaging and abandoning chemical sprays. The second part is an overview of barriers and problems at enterprises that prevent consumers in the Slovak Republic from transitioning to a sustainable lifestyle. Among them are excessive plastic packaging and high prices for eco-products. The presented activities determine the direction for managers how to lead enterprises to sustainability in the market. The most significant findings from the surveys point to the excessive and reckless use of plastic by manufacturing enterprises. Consumers demand that managers make rational decisions about the origin, quantity and quality of materials used in production, including the long-term consequences and environmental impact of materials.

A Review Essay on The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1850 by Joel Mokyr

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Clark
Keyword(s):  
Review Essay ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
World History ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Movement

The British Industrial Revolution is the key break in world history. Yet the timing, location, and cause of this Revolution are unsolved puzzles. Joel Mokyr's book is one of a number of recent attempted solutions. He explains the Industrial Revolution through the arrival of a particular ideology in Britain, associated with the earlier European intellectual movement of the Enlightenment. This review considers how Mokyr's “idealist” approach fares as an account of the Industrial Revolution, compared to the spate of recent proposed “materialist” explanations. (JEL N13, N63)

Effect of reintroduced manual mowing on biodiversity in abandoned fen meadows

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Horak ◽  
Lenka Safarova
Keyword(s):  
Restoration Ecology ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
New Type ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Insect Group

AbstractWetlands have recently become of high environmental interest. The restoration effects on habitats like fens are one of the main topics of recent restoration ecology, especially due to their interconnection with other ecosystems. We studied the manual mowing effect on abandoned fen using the response of three study taxa: diurnal butterflies, flower-visiting beetles and vascular plants. Our results showed that butterflies seems to be quickly-responding indicator taxon for evaluation and that restored management had a positive effect on both species richness and composition of this insect group. The results indicated that the manual mowing effect could be rapid. In comparison with the surrounding landscape, we found that: (i) the manually mowed site was most similar to strictly protected area, (ii) some species of high conservation value could reach higher abundance in restored than protected site, and (iii) manual mowing could bring a new type of habitat (i.e., spatial heterogeneity) compared to the other management types (abandonment, conservation and agri-environmental mowing). The main implication seems to be optimistic for practice: The manual mowing of long-term abandoned fen is leading to the creation of habitat with high conservation value in a relatively short time.

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