Unveiling the Ambrotype: Characterization of Two 19th Century Photographs

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonor Costa ◽  
Margarida Nunes ◽  
Sónia Costa ◽  
Milene Trindade ◽  
Catarina Miguel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Variable Pressure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Silica Glasses ◽  
Ring Shape ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
Raman Study

AbstractThis work used a multi-analytical approach to characterize two 19th century ambrotypes and was motivated by the lack of insight on these historical objects. Photographic imaging and optical microscopy (OM) were used to identify abrasions, cracks related to reticulation, tarnishing, and other aspects associated to production and degradation processes. With variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) these processes were seen with great detail and further characterized. Elemental point analysis and elemental mapping showed that the photosensitive material used was silver iodide. Degradation compounds were found as silver and chlorine-containing compounds. In one of the items, the tarnishing area also contained redeposited silver in a ring-shape surrounding a nucleus rich in silver, copper, and sulfur, in addition to copper-based salts. EDS analyses also identified that the supports were common soda–lime–silica glasses, refined with arsenic; and showed that a pigment rich in iron was used in both items to hand color the cheeks, extended with aluminum silicates alone or mixed with barium sulfate. Theμ-Raman study pointed out that a synthetic Mars pigment was employed.μ-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses identified collodion as the binder. Shellac was used as a protective varnish in one of the items and a gum was possibly employed on the other. Bitumen was used for the background in one ambrotype.

Characterization of porosity in a 19th century painting ground by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Gervais ◽  
Jaap J. Boon ◽  
Federica Marone ◽  
Ester S. B. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
X Ray

Preparation of CIGSS Thin-Film Solar Cells by Rapid Thermal Processing

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-326
Author(s):  
Sachin S. Kulkarni ◽  
Jyoti S. Shirolikar ◽  
Neelkanth G. Dhere
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Rapid Thermal Processing ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cells ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
X Ray

Rapid thermal processing (RTP) provides a way to rapidly heat substrates to an elevated temperature to perform relatively short duration processes, typically less than 2–3min long. RTP can be utilized to minimize the process cycle time without compromising process uniformity, thus eliminating a bottleneck in CuIn1−xGaxSe2−ySy (CIGSS) module fabrication. Some approaches have been able to realize solar cells with conversion efficiencies close or equal to those for conventionally processed solar cells with similar device structures. A RTP reactor for preparation of CIGSS thin films on 10cm×10cm substrates has been designed, assembled, and tested at the Florida Solar Energy Center’s PV Materials Lab. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of CIGSS thin-film solar cells by the RTP technique. Materials characterization of these films was done by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and electrical characterization was done by current–voltage measurements on soda lime glass substrates by the RTP technique. Encouraging results were obtained during the first few experimental sets, demonstrating that reasonable solar cell efficiencies (up to 9%) can be achieved with relatively shorter cycle times, lower thermal budgets, and without using toxic gases.

Renaissance Enameled Jewelry and 19th century Renaissance Revival: Characterization of Enamel Compositions

2002 ◽  
Vol 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Wypyski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gold Jewelry ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
European Renaissance

ABSTRACTEnamels from European Renaissance enameled gold jewelry and other objects dating from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and Renaissance style and other objects from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were quantitatively analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Differences were observed in the overall compositions, as well as the colorants and opacifiers used, of the Renaissance period and most of the later enamels. Some enamels from as late as the early nineteenth century, however, appeared to be essentially the same as those used during the Renaissance. The differences found in the enamel compositions can provide a set of objective compositional criteria to help distinguish between authentic Renaissance period enameled objects and some later enamels done in the style of the Renaissance.

Optical characterization of TiAlON-based film used for solar energy

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (25) ◽  
pp. 1450196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minglin Zhao ◽  
Jie Lian ◽  
Zhaozong Sun ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Wenfu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
Optical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Point To Point

Optical characterization of TiAlON film applied in solar energy is presented in this paper. TiAlON -based films with different thicknesses have been deposited by magnetron sputtering. The spectrophotometer and spectroscopic ellipsometry (GES5) have been used to study the samples. Surface morphology and component of the films were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical constants and film thicknesses of TiAlON films with different thicknesses have been obtained by theoretical modeling analysis fitting (Cauchy model) and point-to-point analysis fitting. Results show that the refraction coefficient and extinction coefficient change with the film thickness increased. Those optical properties are useful for selecting the layers with adequate optical constants and thickness to design a solar selective absorber.

Characterization of Invert Soda Lime Silica Glasses Containing High Titania Content Together with their Glass Ceramics

Silicon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1035-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Abdelghany ◽  
N. A. Ghoneim ◽  
H. A. ElBatal
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Silica Glasses ◽  
Titania Content

scholarly journals Characterization of a prototype rapid kilovoltage x-ray image guidance system designed for a ring shape radiation therapy unit

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 1355-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Cai ◽  
Eric Laugeman ◽  
Thomas R. Mazur ◽  
Justin C. Park ◽  
Lauren E. Henke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Image Guidance ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ring Shape

scholarly journals Studies on the Potential of Waste Soda Lime Silica Glass in Glass Ionomer Cement Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W. Francis Thoo ◽  
N. Zainuddin ◽  
K. A. Matori ◽  
S. A. Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ionomer Cement ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
Glass Ionomer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Silica Glasses ◽  
Amorphous Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Silica Glass ◽  
Ft Ir

Glass ionomer cements (GIC) are produced through acid base reaction between calcium-fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid (PAA). Soda lime silica glasses (SLS), mainly composed of silica (SiO2), have been utilized in this study as the source of SiO2for synthesis of Ca-fluoroaluminosilicate glass. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the potential of SLS waste glass in producing GIC. Two glasses, GWX 1 (analytical grade SiO2) and GWX 2 (replacing SiO2with waste SLS), were synthesized and then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Synthesized glasses were then used to produce GIC, in which the properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and compressive test (from 1 to 28 days). XRD results showed that amorphous glass was produced by using SLS waste glass (GWX 2), which is similar to glass produced using analytical grade SiO2(GWX 1). Results from FT-IR showed that the setting reaction of GWX 2 cements is slower compared to cement GWX 1. Compressive strengths for GWX 1 cements reached up to 76 MPa at 28 days, whereas GWX 2 cements showed a slightly higher value, which is 80 MPa.

scholarly journals Chemical and technological characterization of medieval glass bracelets from South-East Bulgaria

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169-1175
Author(s):  
Ralitsa Georgieva ◽  
Albena Detcheva ◽  
Yanko Dimitriev
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Silica Glasses ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Ir Transmission ◽  
Medieval Glass

AbstractThe present paper deals with chemical and physicochemical characterization of seven glass fragments of medieval glass bracelets from South-East Bulgaria. Samples were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Gravimetric chemical analysis was used for silica assessment. Flame photometry was applied to determine sodium and potassium content while aluminium, calcium and magnesium were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after dissolution using a mixture of acids. All investigated artefacts are soda-lime-silica glasses and when produced two different recipe norms were used. Important technological parameters of glass manufacturing were determined and discussed. This investigation throws light on the technological development and production of glass during medieval times.

Development of Glass-Ceramics from Soda Lime Silica Glass Waste by Direct Sintering Method for Opal Imitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 751 ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Duangkhae Bootkul ◽  
Sawet Intarasiri
Keyword(s):  
Silica Glass ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sintered Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Silica Glass ◽  
Common Opal

Natural opal, an amorphous, hydrous form of silica (SiO2-n-H2O), has been one of the favored precious gemstones for many centuries. Though beautiful, opal is very fragile and is damaged quite easily. Thus, opals of all varieties have been synthesized experimentally and commercially. The objective of this project was to synthesize and to compare crystalline opals. In this work, the development of powder sintered glass ceramics process based on soda lime silica glass waste with metal oxide powder enable jewelry applications. The substantial viscous flow of the glass led to dense products for rapid treatments at relatively low temperatures (900–1,000°C), whereas glass/metal powder interactions resulted in the formation of color agent crystals, provide enhancing optical properties. Several techniques were applied for characterization of the ingots. The chemical analysis was performed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF). The mineralogical compositions of the samples were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Raman spectroscopy was applied for optical characterization. The results were compared with a natural common opal. The present investigation demonstrated that the common opal with both color and colorless appearance can be synthesized by the technique, as the crystalline phase of opal structure was identified by XRD measurement. There is a great potential for such materials with novel functionalities for artificial gemstone application, i.e. opal forming.

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