scholarly journals Indonesia–Import Licensing Regimes: GATT Rules for Agricultural Trade?

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
DUKGEUN AHN ◽  
AREVIK GNUTZMANN-MKRTCHYAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Market Position ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Heterogeneous Effect

AbstractThis paper examines two disputes brought by the United States and New Zealand in response to a series of import sanctions for agricultural products imposed by the Indonesian government to promote food self-sufficiency. We document the heterogeneous effect the sanctioning measures had on Indonesia's partners. We argue that Indonesia's import licensing regimes acted as a high, sometimes prohibitive, fixed cost of exporting. Frequent changes of regulation provided additional challenges and increased the costs of exporting. These properties determined the differential impacts of Indonesia's measures where some sustained significant market losses while other large exporters, in particular Australia, following a short decline strengthened their market position and export levels.

scholarly journals Exchange Rate Dynamics and the Bilateral Trade Balance: The Case of U.S. Agriculture

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungho Baek ◽  
Won W. Koo ◽  
Kranti Mulik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Series Data ◽  
J Curve ◽  
Trading Partners

This study examines the dynamic effects of changes in exchange rates on bilateral trade of agricultural products between the United States and its 15 major trading partners. Special attention is paid to investigate whether or not the J-curve hypothesis holds for U.S. agricultural trade. For this purpose, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration is applied to quarterly time-series data from 1989 and 2007. Results show that the exchange rate plays a crucial role in determining the short- and long-run behavior of U.S. agricultural trade. However, we find little evidence of the J-curve phenomenon for U.S. agricultural products with the United States’ major trading partners.

scholarly journals A Sectoral Analysis of Agricultural Trade Liberalization

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lynn Kennedy ◽  
Cemal Atici
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Agricultural Trade Liberalization

AbstractComplete agricultural trade liberalization between the United States and the European Union is examined with respect to the agricultural sector. A static, partial equilibrium model, distinguishing among the European Union, the United States, and a politically passive rest of the world, is used to simulate agricultural free trade. The results of this research reveal how European Union and United States adoption of free trade affects domestic and world prices, production, consumption, self-sufficiency, and welfare.

scholarly journals Comparative advantages and complementarity of Sino-US agricultural trade: An empirical analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 118-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch Shuai ◽  
X. Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
The U.S

By adopting the RCA, CMS, TCD, SI and TCI models, this paper has made an empirical analysis of the comparative advantages and complementarity of the agricultural trade between China and the United States in terms of sixteen major agricultural products since 1997. The results indicate that (1) the exporting agri-products of China and the United States reflect the characteristics of the resource endowment of each country; (2) China's agri-product competitiveness has decreased after its WTO accession, while the country's agri-export structure has been upgraded; (3) Sino-US agri-trade dependency continues to rise, and the U.S. relies more on China than China does on the U.S.; (4) China and the United Sates have good complementarity in the agricultural trade, which tends to strengthen after the China's accession to the WTO. Policy implications are proposed accordingly based on these findings.

The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Japan’s Agricultural Trade

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Schmitz ◽  
Manhong Zhu ◽  
David Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Beef Producers ◽  
Partnership Agreement

AbstractThe Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) was concluded on October 5, 2015, by twelve countries that include the United States, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. Under the TPPA, Japan will partially liberalize its five politically sensitive agricultural subsectors: (1) rice, (2) beef and pork, (3) wheat and barley, (4) sugar, and (5) dairy, none of which contain any genetically modified (GM) content. Under full liberalization, Japanese producers in these subsectors will lose (e. g., rice producers will lose over $6 billion and beef producers will lose over $2 billion). Excluding butter, the trade impact of the TPPA on the Japanese government will be negative because of tariff and resale-revenue losses. Our empirical results provide the full effects of complete trade liberalization. However, because the TPPA negotiations of 2015 resulted in only partial trade liberalization, our results can be easily modified to deal with the degree to which trade distortions are removed for each of the above agricultural subsectors. In terms of producers who lose from trade liberalization, the Japanese government will provide compensation.

scholarly journals International Agricultural Trade Disputes: Case Studies in North America

EDIS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2003 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Schmitz ◽  
Won Koo ◽  
Charles Moss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Resource Economics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
University Of Florida

This paper summarizes the research presented in a conference about border disputes between the United States,Canada, and Mexico over agricultural products and lumber, which are numerous and appear to be escalating. This is EDIS document FE381, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published May 2003.  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe381

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

EDITORIAL: Migration and competitiveness: Japan and the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Key Sectors ◽  
Past Half

Japan and the United States, the world’s largest economies for most of the past half century, have very different immigration policies. Japan is the G7 economy most closed to immigrants, while the United States is the large economy most open to immigrants. Both Japan and the United States are debating how immigrants are and can con-tribute to the competitiveness of their economies in the 21st centuries. The papers in this special issue review the employment of and impacts of immigrants in some of the key sectors of the Japanese and US economies, including agriculture, health care, science and engineering, and construction and manufacturing. For example, in Japanese agriculture migrant trainees are a fixed cost to farmers during the three years they are in Japan, while US farmers who hire mostly unauthorized migrants hire and lay off workers as needed, making labour a variable cost.

scholarly journals The use of mechanical restraint in Pacific Rim countries: an international epidemiological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Newton-Howes ◽  
M. K. Savage ◽  
R. Arnold ◽  
T. Hasegawa ◽  
V. Staggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Mechanical Restraint ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Bed Days ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Abstract Aims The use of mechanical restraint is a challenging area for psychiatry. Although mechanical restraint remains accepted as standard practice in some regions, there are ethical, legal and medical reasons to minimise or abolish its use. These concerns have intensified following the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Despite national policies to reduce use, the reporting of mechanical restraint has been poor, hampering a reasonable understanding of the epidemiology of restraint. This paper aims to develop a consistent measure of mechanical restraint and compare the measure within and across countries in the Pacific Rim. Methods We used the publicly available data from four Pacific Rim countries (Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United States) to compare and contrast the reported rates of mechanical restraint. Summary measures were computed so as to enable international comparisons. Variation within each jurisdiction was also analysed. Results International rates of mechanical restraint in 2017 varied from 0.03 (New Zealand) to 98.9 (Japan) restraint events per million population per day, a variation greater than 3000-fold. Restraint in Australia (0.17 events per million) and the United States (0.37 events per million) fell between these two extremes. Variation as measured by restraint events per 1000 bed-days was less extreme but still substantial. Within all four countries there was also significant variation in restraint across districts. Variation across time did not show a steady reduction in restraint in any country during the period for which data were available (starting from 2003 at the earliest). Conclusions Policies to reduce or abolish mechanical restraint do not appear to be effecting change. It is improbable that the variation in restraint within the four examined Pacific Rim countries is accountable for by psychopathology. Greater efforts at reporting, monitoring and carrying out interventions to achieve the stated aim of reducing restraint are urgently needed.

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