Experiences of breathlessness: A systematic review of the qualitative literature

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Gysels ◽  
Claudia Bausewein ◽  
Irene J. Higginson
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Informal Carer ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Acute Exacerbations ◽  
Grading Scale ◽  
The Patient’S View ◽  
Core Symptoms

Objective: Breathlessness is one of the core symptoms in many advanced conditions. The subjective nature of the symptom has been acknowledged in many definitions, emphasizing that it can only be fully perceived and interpreted by the patients themselves.Aim: To review and assess the evidence on the psychosocial nature or experience of breathlessness.Methods: Relevant literature was identified through electronic and hand searches. Studies with qualitative enquiry or mixed method designs were included. The methodological quality of studies was assessed with a standard grading scale.Results: Twenty-two studies were identified, 12 from the United Kingdom, 4 from the United States, 3 from Canada, 1 from Sweden, 1 from Iceland, and 1 from Finland. The nature of the studies determined the themes in which the studies were subsumed. Studies on COPD (19) outnumbered “all other conditions” (3), one of which had COPD and cancer patients and so these were analyzed separately. Within the COPD category most studies (17) considered the experience of breathlessness from the perspective of the patient, 1 study from the informal carer, and 1 from the professional carer. Most of the papers sought to understand the meaning of the symptom in the patient's daily life. The other papers demarcated separate areas of the experience of acute exacerbations and the patient's view on care. The studies explored the subjective component of breathlessness, as part of human experience and social life. The papers showed the influence of the meaning the symptom has for those affected on their ability to cope and on their management.Significance of results: Although the work in this area is still dominated by research on COPD, the totality of the evidence now shows breathlessness as an intractable symptom in other advanced conditions. Practice recommendations focused on the holistic approach as part of palliative and nursing care.

The Cost of Housing: More Than Just Dollars

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
R.J. Fuller ◽  
U.M. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
House Prices ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Cost

Australians were recently awarded the dubious honour of building the largest homes in the world. Our new homes are now seven percent larger than those in the United States and nearly three times larger than those in the United Kingdom. At the same time, the price of an average residential property is now five times what it was 20 years ago. Although incomes have risen over the same period, they have not kept pace with rising house prices. In terms of disposable income, the cost of housing has almost doubled. While traditional housing affordability is measured in terms of house prices and incomes, a broader and more encompassing perspective also indicates that we can no longer ‘afford’ to build houses as we have done in the past. The environmental impact of modern Australian housing is significant. Australians have resisted the need for increased urban density as their capital city populations grow and new houses have been built on the outskirts of the existing cities, encroaching on the greenwedge and agricultural lands, destroying and degrading existing fauna and flora. The houses built have increased carbon emissions because of their size, embodied energy and reliance on the motor car. This paper discusses the environmental ‘affordability’ of current Australian housing and argues that this must be considered alongside traditional affordability criteria so that a more holistic approach to the issues is adopted.

scholarly journals Physicians’ Reactions to COVID-19: The Results of an International Internet Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Aneja ◽  
Inderjit Singh ◽  
Bhupinder Singh ◽  
Pardeep Singh Kundi ◽  
Inderbir Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Coping Mechanism ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Question Form

AbstractObjectivesPhysicians across the world have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was designed and conducted to assess the emotional, cognitive, and behavioural reactions of physicians to the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methodsAn online survey questionnaire using the google forms platform was constructed by the authors. The items in the questionnaire were based on clinical experience, relevant literature review and discussion with peers. A list of issues that were deemed as essential components of the experience of the pandemic relevant to physicians was arrived at. Thereafter these issues were operationalized into question form and hosted on the google forms platform. The link to this questionnaire was circulated by the authors among their peer groups in the month of April 2020.ResultsWe received 295 responses and 3 were unusable. Most of the responses were from India, the United States of America, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. About 60% of the respondents identified themselves as frontline and had a decade of clinical experience. Most respondents reported being anxious due to the pandemic and also observed the same in their peers and families. A majority also observed changes in behaviour in self and others and advanced a variety of reasons and concerns. A sense of duty was the most commonly employed coping mechanism.ConclusionPhysicians are not immune from information and misinformation, or cues in the environment. Behavioural choices are not always predicted by knowledge but by a combination of knowledge, emotional state, personality and environment. Healthcare settings need to be ready for emergencies and should focus on reducing uncertainty in physicians. These factors may also be gainfully used in the mental health promotion of physicians in COVID-19 care roles.

Collateral Consequences of Felony Conviction and Imprisonment

Criminology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Wakefield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Felony Conviction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Legal Barriers ◽  
Former Inmates

The so-called collateral consequences of imprisonment encompass a host of legal restrictions and deleterious outcomes for former inmates, their families, and their communities. These may result from formal legal barriers associated with a felony conviction to extralegal effects resulting from periods of imprisonment. The universe of collateral consequences, a phrase some scholars decline to use because it diminishes their importance, affects all domains of social life and results from a patchwork of legal restrictions, conditions imposed by the criminal justice system upon release, and the indirect effects of imprisonment on inmates’ families, neighborhoods, and employment prospects. These “collateral consequences,” “punishments beyond the offender,” “invisible punishments,” and “extralegal sentences” form the basis for a growing field in criminology, sociology, and law focused on the contemporary prison boom in the United States. Imprisonment has always influenced the lives of former inmates well after they leave the institution behind, but the rise in imprisonment since 1970 in the United States has exacerbated these effects as well as concentrated them among some segments of the population. Thus, while former felons have always been barred from voting in some states, for example, it is only as a result of mass incarceration that these laws have influenced the outcomes of elections. Finally, though some of the work on collateral consequences described here examines imprisonment in other contexts (e.g., in the United Kingdom), most work in the area is centered on the United States because of its exceptionality with respect to high rates of imprisonment.

Sketching landscapes in discourse analysis (1978–2018): A bibliometric study

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-719
Author(s):  
Changpeng Huan ◽  
Xinchao Guan
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Citation Analysis ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Research Output ◽  
The United States ◽  
News Values ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Membership Categorization ◽  
Article Citation

John Swales’ 1986 article ‘Citation analysis and discourse analysis’ was the first to apply citation analysis to describe in-text citations in the field of discourse analysis. Howard White’s 2004 article ‘Citation analysis and discourse analysis revisited’ was written by an information scientist and primarily focused on citation analysis and discourse analysis. Here, we cast a wider net by conducting a bibliometric analysis of discourse analysis to sketch its scientific landscape between 1978 and 2018. Our findings show that discourse analysis has emerged as a major, and increasingly distinctively sociological, contribution to the analysis of language in social life. It is evident that discourse analysts are increasingly interested in such topics as corpus linguistics, digital conversation analysis, discursive news values approach, membership categorization analysis, multimodal analysis and social media. It is a general trend that the United States is no longer the only dominating publication powerhouse in the field. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia and China are wielding a growing share of research output.

scholarly journals A review of the definition and scope of practice of midwives in five representative countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Rui Hou
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scope Of Practice ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Midwifery Education ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Objective To review the definition and scope of the practice of midwives in Sweden, Finland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia to find models and make suggestions for reforms in the midwifery policies of China. Methods This article reviewed the midwifery policies published by authorities, organizations, and governments of these countries and relevant literature in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang database. Results The definition and scope of practice of midwives in five representative countries and China were reviewed. The similarities and differences in midwifery policies among them show that most countries set standards based on the definition and scope of practice of midwives recommended by International Confederation of Midwives. Conclusions The definition of midwives should include registration, midwifery education, and acceptance standards. The scope of practice of midwives should specify an autonomous environment, the objective of care, the period of care involved, prescribing rights, emergency treatment, and health counseling.

scholarly journals Recent Trends in Sedentary Time: A Systematic Literature Review

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 969
Author(s):  
Hui Fang ◽  
Yuan Jing ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Yanqi Wu ◽  
Yuehua Wan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Recent Trends

This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes the relevant literature on sedentary time research. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the publications from 2010 to 2020 in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database. Derwent Data Analyzer software was used for the cleaning, mining, and visualization of the data. Historical trends of the topics, main contributors, leading countries, leading institutions, leading research areas, and journals were explored. A total of 3020 publications were studied. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia are the three most productive countries. The Australian institution Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute led the list of productive institutions, and Ekelund U published the most papers. Sedentary time raised the concerns of scholars from 106 research areas, and public health was the dominant field. Physical activity, accelerometer, children, and obesity were the most frequently used keywords. The findings suggest that sedentary time is rapidly emerging as a global issue that has detrimental effects on public health. The hotspots shifted in the past 10 years, and COVID-19 was the most popular topic of sedentary time research.

scholarly journals La reforma presupuestaria francesa: ¿Cómo mantener un discurso sobre la calidad mientras la mayoría de los indicadores se centran en la eficacia?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roula Masou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
French Experience ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Operational Issues

<p align="justify">El objeto de este trabajo es contribuir a aclarar el concepto de los resultados públicos en el ámbito de la reforma presupuestaria estatal cuya conceptualización, tanto de los resultados como de los modos de materialización recogidos en las obras de referencia, es muy controvertida. Reconocemos que las contradicciones estructuradoras vinculadas a los resultados públicos, constatadas de forma reiterada, son mayoritariamente inherentes a la propia construcción y a la forma en que se han entendido. Esta publicación pone de manifiesto las distintas formas en que se materializan los resultados públicos en tres países: el Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y Canadá en el marco de la reforma presupuestaria estatal y destaca la experiencia francesa de la LOFL como campo de estudio. Se pregunta por la necesidad que tiene el Estado de concentrar de manera equiproporcional sus acciones sobre la eficacia, la eficiencia y la efectividad para mejorar su aportación en materia de resultados. <strong>This article aims to shed the light and explain the concept of public performance within the state’s budgetary reform. In addition, it analyzes the concept form of performance and the various models of operations cited in the relevant literature which seem to be largely controversial. The research recognizes that the structural contradictions related to public performance are repeatedly present and largely inherent in the budgetary system itself. This article examines the different forms of public performance operational issues in three countries: the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Canada. This examination is performed in view of the reform of the State’s budget in those countries. The French experience termed “LOLF” is presented and utilized empirically in this research. An examination of the need for the State to focus on these techniques is provided for the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency and effectivity of LOLF. Also to explore ways to improve the overall performance of the state’s budgetary system.</strong> </p>

scholarly journals Sustainability indicators in the context of family farming: A systematic and bibliometric approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 200545-0
Author(s):  
Janaína Wohlenberg ◽  
Rosana C. S. Schneider ◽  
Michele Hoeltz
Keyword(s):  
Social Indicators ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Number Of Publications

Actions that promote the sustainability of small-scale agricultural activities are fundamental to maintaining the supply and diversification of products, generating income, and minimizing their environmental impact. This study aimed to identify the main economic, environmental, and social indicators used in studies focused on food production by family farming. A systematic literature review was performed in the Scopus database, where 22 original articles were identified. The largest number of publications was observed in Italy and the United States of America, followed by Brazil, India, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The main aspect observed in the publications was the interrelationship of the three spheres of sustainability, highlighting the importance of integrated monitoring. Some indicators identified were: in the economic sphere, financial planning, productivity, and profitability; in the environmental sphere, soil use and quality, water, erosion, temperature, and energy; and in the social sphere, food security, job and income generation, and government subsidies. A holistic approach to the use of monitoring indicators as a tool for sustainability is fundamental, but there are few studies that evaluate these three spheres; mainly in the field of agribusiness, due to its greater diversity of activities and aspects to be monitored.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Examination System of CPA in the AI Evelopment Background Take China, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany as examples

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 01162
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Xinglin Li ◽  
Yuzhu Qi ◽  
Yitong He ◽  
Jingwei Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Technological Modernization

At present, the globalization of the world economy continues to intensify, and the pace of technological modernization is accelerating. Artificial intelligence methods such as big data and financial sharing are gradually replacing traditional working methods in all walks of life, and the accounting industry is no exception. Under the dual impact of globalization and the development of artificial intelligence, the demand for training international compound accounting professionals is large and increasing, "CPA examination system" as one of the most authoritative examinations in the field of accounting, its matching with the current environment is particularly important. Starting from the current status of CPA examination, the author has made an in-depth investigation and study on the CPA examination systems in many countries including China, the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany and Australia by consulting a large number of relevant literature. Meanwhile, they systematically analyzed the CPA examination systems in various countries from four dimensions: examination organization, examination threshold, examination cycle and examination subjects, explored the similarities and differences of CPA examination systems in the world's mainstream countries, and summarized the common problems and the advantages that can be used for reference, which has practical significance for the design and update of the CPA examination system in China. At the same time, it provides reference significance for improving the professional quality of accounting personnel and accelerating the pace of changing the functions of accounting personnel.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

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