scholarly journals A review of the definition and scope of practice of midwives in five representative countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Rui Hou
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scope Of Practice ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Midwifery Education ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Objective To review the definition and scope of the practice of midwives in Sweden, Finland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia to find models and make suggestions for reforms in the midwifery policies of China. Methods This article reviewed the midwifery policies published by authorities, organizations, and governments of these countries and relevant literature in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang database. Results The definition and scope of practice of midwives in five representative countries and China were reviewed. The similarities and differences in midwifery policies among them show that most countries set standards based on the definition and scope of practice of midwives recommended by International Confederation of Midwives. Conclusions The definition of midwives should include registration, midwifery education, and acceptance standards. The scope of practice of midwives should specify an autonomous environment, the objective of care, the period of care involved, prescribing rights, emergency treatment, and health counseling.

scholarly journals Effects of Late Evening Snack on Cirrhotic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-jie Guo ◽  
Zi-bin Tian ◽  
Na Jiang ◽  
Xue-li Ding ◽  
Tao Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Serum Aminotransferase ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients ◽  
Parenchymal Injury

Background. Energetic effects of late evening snack (LES) on cirrhotic patients were reported recently, but there was no quantitative analysis. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed and quantified the effects of LES on energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in the patients with cirrhosis, which will be of benefit for liver cirrhosis nutritional therapy. Methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database for relevant trials published until July 2017. These studies statistically were combined and analyzed by RevMan 5.3. Results. Fourteen trials comprising 478 cases were eligible for analysis. The results showed that the respiratory quotient value (MD = 11.09) and carbohydrate oxidation value (MD = 0.05) significantly elevated with one week or with up to three weeks of LES treatment in cirrhotic patients (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of serum albumin (MD = 2.98) and cholinesterase (SMD = 1.09) were increased with LES administration for three weeks or that lasting twelve weeks (P<0.05). However, there was no significant improvement for the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P=0.53), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P=0.96), and total bilirubin (TB) (P=0.32). Conclusions. LES could improve the energy malnutrition state of cirrhotic patients. However, it may have little effect on reducing liver parenchymal injury indexes such as serum aminotransferase.

The Anglo-American Tradition

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-138
Author(s):  
B. Guy Peters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Management ◽  
New Public Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Administrators ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
New Public ◽  
American Tradition ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Definition Of

The Anglo-American tradition is perhaps the most difficult to characterize. Although there are common roots, there has been a divergence between the United Kingdom and other Westminster systems and the United States. There are common roots among these cases, including a contractarian conception of the state, an emphasis on the separation of politics and administration, an emphasis on management rather than law in the role definition of public administrators, and less commitment to uniformity. But these common values are interpreted and implemented differently in the different countries. For example, the United States has a more developed system of administrative law than do most of the Westminster systems. All these administrative systems, however, have been more receptive to the ideas of New Public Management (NPM) than have other governments, although the United States and Canada had implemented many of those ideas long before NPM was developed.

Parody—Nature and Definition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Sabine Jacques
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides an overview of the nature and definition of parody in the context of copyright law. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has introduced two requirements that must be satisfied before a work may be considered a ‘parody’: firstly, it must ‘evoke an existing work while being noticeably different from it’, and secondly, it must ‘constitute an expression of humour or mockery’. The chapter first traces the origin and history of parody in the arts, including music, before discussing the relationship of parody with concepts such as satire, caricature, and pastiche. It then examines why a parody exception has been considered necessary in copyright law. The chapter goes on to analyse the legal evolution of parody in France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, showing that the existing international human rights framework may influence the definition of parody in intellectual property law.

scholarly journals What Is an “Ethnic Group” in Ordinary People’s Eyes? Different Ways of Understanding It Among American, British, Mexican, and Polish Respondents

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-72
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Hamer ◽  
Sam McFarland ◽  
Barbara Czarnecka ◽  
Agnieszka Golińska ◽  
Liliana Manrique Cadena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Shared History ◽  
Majority Groups ◽  
Definition Of

Although the term “ethnic group” (EG) is often used in social studies, its definition differs among researchers. Moreover, little is known about ordinary people’s subjective understanding of this term, even though it is often used in social discourse. We examined this issue in a cross-sectional study of 273 American, British, Mexican, and Polish students using an open-ended questions approach. Results revealed cultural differences in patterns of “ethnic group” definitions across the four countries. U.S. respondents predominantly connected EG to “race”; British participants frequently related it to “race,” but more often to “common culture” and “customs/traditions.” Both latter categories were overwhelmingly dominant in Mexico and Poland. However, “nation,” “shared history,” “religion,” “language,” and “territory” were also very popular as EG understandings in Poland. Although most participants used the newer definition of EG (referring to all groups in a society, including minority and majority groups), a few in each country used the term only to refer to minorities and people different from themselves (an older, “minus one” definition). Unexpected definitions of EG also appeared (e.g., people having similar hobbies, having similar work goals, or living in the same city). The results also indicate that for the United States, the United Kingdom, and Mexico, “ethnic group” was more a subgroup within a nation, whereas in Poland, they represented the same level of categorization. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Predictive value of two polymorphisms in ABCB1, rs1045642 and rs1128503, in prognosis following taxane-containing chemotherapy: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanyao Chen ◽  
Wanlong Lin ◽  
Jianhui Yang ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Xiuxian Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Response ◽  
Tumor Types

Abstract Background: Although taxane-containing chemotherapy is widely used to treat solid tumors, genetic polymorphisms can influence the chemotherapeutic response. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between two polymorphisms in ABCB1 , rs1045642 and rs1128503, and survival of patients administered taxane-containing chemotherapy. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang database, VIP database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database were used to obtain articles published up to August 2019 describing the association between the ABCB1 rs1045642 and rs1128503 polymorphisms and survival. A meta-analysis was conducted using R 3.6.1 software to determine the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Furthermore, publication bias was assessed, and sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the analysis. Results: Fifteen studies involving 3320 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The summary results showed that the effect of the C1236T polymorphism on progression-free survival remained significant in the heterozygote model (HR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.67–0.98) and homozygote model (HR 0.71; 95% CI: 0.58–0.88). Compared to the C1236 TT phenotype, the CC genotype was associated with a poor overall survival (HR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53–0.97). Finally, subgroup analysis suggested that different areas, tumor types, and treatment regimens influence patient survival. Conclusions: Patients who are ABCB1 rs1045642 and rs1128503 T gene carriers show a survival benefit with taxane-containing chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Homosexuality and biomarkers of aging in the production of gerontological knowledge by American, British, and Brazilian authors

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Ferreira ◽  
Richard Miskolci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Text Mining ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
R Software ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging ◽  
The Web

Abstract: This study reviewed articles originated in Brazil, in the United Kingdom, and in the United States from 1970 to September 2018 in the Web of Science database. Text mining techniques were used, and a predominantly qualitative analysis was performed, including correspondence analysis and sentiment analysis using the R Software (version 3.5.0) tools. Results show a repathologization of homosexuality in the gerontological knowledge production. This includes studies performed in 51 areas of knowledge in the three countries. That was followed by the depsychiatrization of homosexuality during the peak of deaths caused by AIDS, and its consequent recognition as an epidemiological threat. The article concludes reviewing the collected biomarkers, such as “sexual”, “risk”, “MSM”, and “HIV/AIDS”, which prove the progressive impact of sexual panic in gerontology studies and also associates AIDS with masculine homosexuality.

scholarly journals Genetic variants in the MicroRNA biosynthetic pathway Gemin3 and Gemin4 are associated with a risk of cancer: a meta-analysis

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbo Zhu ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Jieyu He ◽  
Daxun Qi ◽  
Lina Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Language Restriction ◽  
On Line ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The effects of the microRNA (miRNA) processing genes Gemin3 and Gemin4 on cellular signaling pathways could have a major impact on the risk of cancer. Several studies concerning the association between the Gemin3 rs197412, Gemin4 rs7813 and Gemin4 rs2740348 polymorphisms with cancer susceptibility have been published. The present meta-analysis summarized this evidence and evaluated the precision of these relationships. Relevant studies (published prior to December 16th, 2015) without language restriction were identified using the PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) on-line databases. The data were extracted from the eligible studies and were processed using Stata 12.0 software. Seven studies (2,588 cases and 2,549 controls) indicated that the rs7813 polymorphism was significantly associated with increased cancer risk (TT vs TC + CC, OR = 1.18 95% CI [1.05–1.32]). Six studies (1,314 cases and 1,244 controls) indicated that rs2740348 was associated with an increased cancer risk (GG vs. GC + CC, OR = 1.41 95% CI [1.00–1.83]). However the rs197412 polymorphism was not associated with an increased cancer risk (OR = 0.97 95% CI [0.80–1.19]). Our results suggest that the Gemin4 rs7813 T > C and rs2740348 G > C polymorphisms are associated with cancer susceptibility.

scholarly journals Bibliometric analysis of scientific production on academic writing: a study of the last 10 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3C) ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
Julio E. Postigo-Zumarán ◽  
Lorena Jessica Nova Revilla ◽  
Fanny Esperanza Zavala Alfaro ◽  
Dennis Arias-Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
English For Academic Purposes ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Publish Or Perish ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Number Of Citations

The objective of the study is to characterize the world scientific production on academic writing between the years 2011 to July 2021. A bibliometric study was carried out in five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic and Crossref). Bibliometric indicators were analyzed in 4117 articles through Publish or Perish v. 7.19 and the same analytical software of the chosen databases. The results indicate that the article entitled “Codemeshing in academic writing: Identifying teachable strategies of translanguaging” is the document with the highest number of citations; Montserrat Castelló Badía, the most cited author; Journal Of English For Academic Purposes stands out as the medium with the largest number of publications on the subject; and among the countries that concentrate the largest production on creative writing, the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Australia and Spain stand out. It is concluded that the rate of publications will increase in the following months, which means continuing to periodically carry out measurements on scientific production to determine the evolution and contributions of the scientific material produced.

scholarly journals External application of Ruyi Jinhuang powder for phlebitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-667
Author(s):  
Qian Yang ◽  
Chunyan Yang ◽  
Yongqiong Deng ◽  
Qunhua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
External Application ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Central Register

Purpose: To systematically review the effectiveness of the external application, Ruyi Jinhuang powder, on phlebitis Methods: Relevant literature was retrieved from Medline, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI), Cochrane Central Register, Chongqing Vip, Wanfang Data and SinoMed using the search terms “Ruyi Jinhuang San”, “Ruyi Jinhuang powder”, “Ruyi Jinhuang cream”, “Agreeable golden powder”, “satisfactory golden powder”, “Jinhuang cream”, “phlebitis”, “prevention and (or) treatment”, “randomized controlled trials” and “RCRs”. Two researchers independently arranged and analyzed the data. Results: Significant differences were observed in the total effectiveness rate of Ruyi Jinhuang powder [relative risk (RR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19 to 1.36, and p < 0.0001). Ruyi Jinhuang powder can reduce the incidence of phlebitis versus conventional therapy in preventing phlebitis (RR = 0.32, 95 % CI 0.24 to 0.42, and p < 0.0001). Shorten the average healing time [mean difference (MD) =- 32.17, 95 % CI= -48.39 to -15.94, and p = 0.0001). Reduced pain relief time for phlebitis (MD = -3.29, 95% CI -5.42 to -1.16, and p = 0.002). However, no statistical difference was observed with regard to the onset time of phlebitis (MD = -0.62, 95 % CI -1.76 to 0.52, and p = 0.29). Conclusion: Clinicians consider Ruyi Jinhuang powder a viable complementary and alternative medicine for phlebitis following the stronger evidence being offered.

scholarly journals A history of the stereology in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Yong Tang ◽  
Kejun Kang ◽  
Zhiqiang Chen ◽  
Ruiyun Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Monographs And Collections ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catalytic Role ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Definition Of

This review article introduces the formation and development of stereology in China under the background of the development of international stereology. In the early 1970s, some stereological monographs and collections were introduced into China, and Chinese scholars began to understand, study and promote stereology knowledge. Meanwhile, the widespread use of image analysis systems has contributed to the spread of stereology in China. On the other hand, academic exchanges and personnel training have played a catalytic role in the formation of stereology in China. According to China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) statistics, the number and impact of Chinese papers in stereology continues to grow during the past 30 years. After in-depth discussion, Chinese scholars have adopted a broader definition of stereology. With economic development and technological progress, China has great potential to develop, promote and apply the stereological methods and the related technologies.

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