scholarly journals Revisiting Insularity and Expansion: A Theory Note

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
John M. Schuessler ◽  
Joshua Shifrinson ◽  
David Blagden
Keyword(s):  
Great Powers ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Power And Influence ◽  
At Home

What is the relationship between insularity—a state’s separation from other states via large bodies of water—and expansion? The received wisdom, prominent in (though not exclusive to) realist theories, holds that insularity constrains expansion by making conquest difficult. We contend, by contrast, that this received wisdom faces important limits. Focusing on U.S. expansion via means short of conquest, we interrogate the underlying theoretical logics to demonstrate that insular powers enjoy two distinct advantages when it comes to expansion. First, insularity translates into a “freedom to roam”: because insular powers are less threatened at home, they can project more power and influence abroad. Second, insularity “sterilizes” power, which explains why insular powers are seen as attractive security providers and why we do not see more counterbalancing against them. On net, existing scholarship is correct to argue that insularity impedes conquest between great powers. Still, it has missed the ways that insularity abets expansion via spheres of influence abroad. One consequence is an under-appreciation for the role of geography writ large and insularity in particular in shaping contemporary great power behavior.

The Ubiquity of Oil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Kelanic
Keyword(s):  
Great Powers ◽  
Great Power ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Great Power Politics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Systematic Framework

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between oil and great power politics. For over a hundred years, oil has been ubiquitous as both an object of political intrigue and a feature of everyday life, yet its effects on the behavior of major powers remain poorly understood. This book focuses on one particular aspect of oil: its coercive potential. Across time and space, great powers have feared that dependence on imported petroleum might make them vulnerable to coercion by hostile actors. They worry that an enemy could cut off oil to weaken them militarily or punish them economically, and then use this threat as a basis for political blackmail. Oil is so essential to great powers that taking a state's imports hostage could give an enemy significant leverage in a dispute. The book presents the first systematic framework to understand how fears of oil coercion shape international affairs. Great powers counter prospective threats with costly and risky policies that lessen vulnerability, ideally, before the country can be targeted. These measures, which can be called “anticipatory strategies,” vary enormously, from self-sufficiency efforts to actions as extreme as launching wars.

Great Powers, Hierarchy, and Endogenous Regimes: Rethinking the Domestic Causes of Peace

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
New States ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper blends recent research on hierarchy and democratization to examine the theoretical and empirical costs of treating regime type exogenously in the literature most identified with studying its impact on international politics. It argues that the apparent peace among democratic states that emerges in the aftermath of World War I is not caused by domestic institutional attributes normally associated with democracy. Instead, this peace is an artifact of historically specific great power settlements. These settlements shape subsequent aggregate patterns of military conflict by altering the organizational configuration of the system in three critical ways—by creating new states, by altering hierarchical orders, and by influencing regime type in states. These claims are defended with a series of tests that show first how the statistical relationship between democracy and peace has exhibited substantial variation across great power orders; second, that this statistical relationship breaks down with theoretically motivated research design changes; and third, that great powers foster peace and similar regime types within their hierarchical orders. In short, the relationship between democracy and peace is spurious. The international political order is still built and managed by great powers.

scholarly journals Role of Spirituality in Harmony at Workplace: A System Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 566-568
Keyword(s):  
Routine Activity ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The People ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Frustration Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Busy Schedule ◽  
At Home

In this pace of time, people often get some moments for themselves in their busy schedule. That’s the main reason behind increasing frustration and depression levels in the society. Our life is full of challenges and competitions whether we are at home or at workplace. So, it becomes a compulsion to work on a new paradigm which lessens this frustration level of the people. To answer this question many researchers or scholars came up with an idea of spirituality. In spite of being a traditional phenomenon, the concept of spirituality is getting high significance in this modern era. This is because of its unique nature of providing strength in pain. There are many people who are following spiritual practices as their routine activity. Workplace is the only place after our home where we spent most of our time. That’s why people want to practice spirituality not only at home but at their workplace also. On the other side, organizations find it difficult to maintain harmony and peace among the members of organization. So, they are also gaping the practices of spirituality to maintain the optimized level of harmony in the organization. Through this paper researcher determine the leading factors of spirituality in harmony at workplace and also find out the relationship between them.

scholarly journals Исламский дискурс визуальной пропаганды на советском Востоке между двумя мировыми войнами (1918 – 1940)

Islamology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Bobrovnikov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Discursive Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Visual Propaganda ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poster Art

Visual propaganda played an enormous role in the history of the twentieth century. Unlike the propaganda of nineteenth century, it was aimed not only at educated classes in the imperial centres, but also at subaltern masses living in the colonies of great powers, including the vast territories in the east and south of the former Russian Empire. Posters created for (and with the assistance of) Muslims between the two world wars in the Soviet Orient (i.e., in the Volga region, Crimea, Urals, and Siberia, on the Caucasus and in the Central Asia) represent an enormous and still poorly studied layer in the history of Soviet propaganda. So far, the posters have been studied primarily in the context of art history. But the creation of visual propaganda is critical for historical reconstructions as well. It is more important to understand posters’ language, historical context, attitude to public policy, cultural background, in other words—the discourse of propaganda. This is a part of life, even if semiofficial, the loss of which would simplify and impoverish the picture of the past. Discursive analysis of poster art allows one to understand the relationship between knowledge and power in society, the role of different social strata in its reproduction, and the aspects of perception and rejection of official propaganda. 

Factors Promoting Sphere of Influence Relationships

1973 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trygve Mathisen
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Small States ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

In the following article an attempt has been made to identify factors affecting the implementation of expansionist and imperialist policies, and consequently it sheds light on the problem why some weaker states become the sphere of influence of greater powers while other small states are less exposed to such influence. Domestic motive forces which may prompt a great power to embark on policies of expansion are only briefly dealt with. On the basis of historical considerations a tentative conclusion is made concerning some factors affecting sphere of influence relationships. These factors are applied to the contemporary situation in an attempt to identify what areas are likely to remain exposed to strong great power influence, and to suggest in what directions the great powers are likely to expand their influence. It is assumed that the United States has reached at least a temporary climax with regard to the intensity and extension of its political influence. The Soviet Union and China, and most probably also Japan, are considered more capable of expanding their influence in the immediate future. It is, therefore, assumed that parts of Asia and Africa will remain areas of great power rivalry, but the present role of the great powers will reveal considerable changes, particularly in Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals The Significance of Foreign Military Bases as Instruments of Spheres of Influence

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (87) ◽  
pp. 120-144
Author(s):  
Tomasz Klin
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

The category of the sphere of influence can explain some contemporary international processes. To define that category, however, much stress is laid on great powers’ exclusivity within their spheres of influence. The author takes into consideration the thesis of the aforementioned exclusivity’s erosion. Because foreign military bases are essential instruments of spheres of influence due to their strong impact on security policy, it is worth investigating their presence in this context. Specifically, the author carries out an in-depth study of military bases of more than one major power in one host country. Further, the article discusses the extent to which the gradual erosion of exclusivity undermines the significance of spheres of influence as such. In conclusion, the author states that the case of Djibouti undermines the idea of great power exclusivity. Yet, other cases do not provide sufficient evidence on such deep transformation because of either limited periods of bases’ existence or great power cooperative attitudes.

scholarly journals Hungarian Stay-at-Home Fathers: A New Alternative for Family Wellbeing

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Éva Sztáray Kézdy ◽  
Zsófia Drjenovszky
Keyword(s):  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Working Mother ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Factors ◽  
At Home

The two significant factors that influence subjective wellbeing are job and life satisfaction, so the work–life balance, that is, balancing between the two areas, is related to several wellbeing outcomes. This issue is of particular interest in those families, where, even if only temporarily, they have chosen the non-traditional sharing of roles, in which the father becomes the primary caregiver and the mother assumes the role of breadwinner. Very few Hungarian studies focus on families where the mother is the prime breadwinner and there has been no research specifically relating to stay-at-home father–working mother families. The qualitative gap filling research that we conducted was utilized to explore the relationship between achieving work-life balance and wellbeing in case of Hungarian stay-at-home father–working mother couples. A total of 31 families were examined through a semi-structured in-depth interview with the fathers and a short questionnaire with the mothers. All participants were white, heterosexual couples with one to four children. As a result of the analysis, four typical patterns in terms of the stay-at-home father and working mother family dynamics could be identified, including to what extent this non-traditional family format contributes to the father’s, mother’s, or both of their wellbeing.

China in Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
Richard W. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Great Powers ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Black Africa ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
Human Need

The Chinese presence in Black Africa has grown enormously in the last five years and is triggering a dangerous new Great Power scramble for strategic positions.In the long run, its effect may be to repartition the continent into new ideological and economic spheres of influence. It is forcing the Great Powers to focus aid on areas of strategic value rather than on regions of greatest human need. It is also compelling communist and capitalist powers to overlook racial and social injustice in order to preserve their strategic stakes.

scholarly journals Small steps and a big change: facing internationalization as a community

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5766-5778
Author(s):  
Carla Conti de Freitas ◽  
Giuliana Castro Brossi ◽  
Valéria Rosa-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
High Education ◽  
Local Community ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Electronic Form ◽  
Internationalization At Home ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Empirical Material ◽  
At Home

This article presents an extension event that supports internationalization at home in a local context of English teachers’ education and social language practices. The event is planned and carried out in a partnership among English teachers in Inhumas, and professors from foreign and local High Education Institutions. The goals of the study are: i) to discuss the role of the process of Internationalization at Home at UEG through an extension action and ii) to point possible contributions of the extension action for English teachers' education in the local community. The empirical material discussed came from reflections during a meeting in 2018, and from an electronic form in 2019. The discussion revealed the relationship between the event and the internationalization, and the potential expansion of teachers’ education during the event which holds a strong community sense that connects teachers from diverse fields, backgrounds, and contexts. 

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