Nation Building and Rebuilding: The American Red Cross in Italy During the Great War

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia F. lrwin
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Great War

During World War I, hundreds of Americans traveled to Italy as volunteers for the American Red Cross (ARC). Through their relief activities for Italian civilians, these individuals served both diplomatic and social-reform agendas. They packaged medical and social aid with a clear message of American alliance, presenting the ARC as a vanguard of the U.S. military that was prepared to assist Italy's war effort in the absence of American troops. Emphasizing American methods, expertise, and alliance, ARC representatives also enacted reforms with the ambition to mold Italy into their vision of a modern western nation. This article argues that international humanitarian aid buttressed U.S. international involvement, both political and cultural, during the Wilsonian era. Further, by examining the connections between social politics and foreign relations in Italy, it demonstrates that the boundaries of the transatlantic progressive community extended beyond the North Atlantic.

Kentucky Joins the Great War

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bettez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
German Language ◽  
American Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Great War

This chapter covers the commonwealth’s response to World War I and efforts to support the war after the United States entered it in April 1917. It describes support from newspaper editors Henry Watterson and Desha Breckinridge. It also discusses attitudes toward the state’s extensive German American population, including an effort to ban the teaching of the German language in schools and the repression of people deemed disloyal or insufficiently supportive of the war. Kentuckians also rallied to the war effort in a positive way, supporting Liberty Bond and Red Cross campaigns. They joined support organizations such as the Four Minute Men and the American Protective League.

1917–1918

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Barbara Barksdale Clowse
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
World War I ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Southern States ◽  
War Zones

Working in four other southern states (Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi), Bradley chafed under scheduling and logistical pressures. World War I brought new opportunities for her when Julia Lathrop, the head of the Children’s Bureau, persuaded President Wilson to declare a “Children’s Year.” Then doctors working for the American Red Cross in France recruited Bradley to join them treating refugees and evaluating civilians’ health in war zones.

A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mcguire
Keyword(s):  
Complex Mixture ◽  
First World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Great War ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.

Hall, Helen

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Olmsted
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Far East ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Reformer ◽  
Settlement House ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Consumer Advocate

Helen Hall (1892–1982) was a Henry Street Settlement house leader, social reformer, and consumer advocate. She served with the American Red Cross in France during and after World War I and in the Far East during World War II.

Holding Her Breath

Gertrude Weil ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Rogoff
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Social Service ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Reform Legislation ◽  
The Poor

World War I deferred women's progress toward suffrage and social welfare. Like other women, Weil worked for the Red Cross and was appointed to civic boards that sought to ensure social services maintained their vitality in war time. War service demonstrated women's qualifications for citizenship. As a volunteer nurse, she served the poor during the influenza epidemic, later suffering a bout herself. Weil joined organizations like the North Carolina Conference for Social Service which advocated for reform legislation. At war's end she committed to women's international peace organizations in support of disarmament, a World Court, and the League of Nations.

Scientific Medicine in the Time of Cholera: the Johns Hopkins Ethos and US Friendly Power in North China, 1919

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Kim Girouard ◽  
Susan Lamb
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
North China ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
International Nursing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Personal Archives ◽  
Scientific Identity

Abstract Vashti Bartlett, a Johns Hopkins nurse and member of the American Red Cross Commission to Siberia, was part of a global expansion of United States (US) influence before and after World War I. Through close examination of Bartlett’s extensive personal archives and her experiences during a 1919 cholera epidemic in Harbin, North China, we show how an individual could embody a “friendly” or “capillary” form of imperialist US power. Significantly, we identify in Bartlett yet another form that US friendly power could take: scientific medicine. White, wealthy, female, and American, in the context of her international nursing activities Bartlett identified principally as a scientific practitioner trained at Johns Hopkins where she internalized a set of scientific ideals that we associate with a particular “Hopkins ethos.” Her overriding scientific identity rendered her a useful and conscientious agent of US friendship policies in China in 1919.

From “Stab in the Back” to “Good Riddance”: Recollections of Ayyam al-Atrak

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Salim Tamari
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Chief Of Staff ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Tobacco Monopoly ◽  
The Great War

Selim Deringil's The Ottoman Twilight in the Arab Lands: Turkish Memoirs and Testimonies of the Great War is an account of five memoirs written after World War I by leading Ottoman military commanders and intellectuals who spent the war years in the Arab provinces. The memoirs include those of Falih Rifki Atay, Ahmad Cemal Pasha's deputy in the Fourth Army and head of intelligence in Damascus and Jerusalem; Hüseyin Kazım Kadri, a founder of the Young Turk movement and editor of Tanin; Naci Kaşif Kıcıman, the chief intelligence officer in Hijaz during the Great Revolt; Münevver Ayaşlı, the daughter of the Turkish head of the Ottoman tobacco monopoly who became an ardent Islamic feminist in the Republican period; and Ali Fuad Erden, the Fourth Army's chief of staff. Deringil's introduction, which references other works on the final days of Ottoman rule in Syria and Palestine, provides a critical framing of these narratives in the context of (some) Turkish claims that the Great Revolt constituted a “stab in the back” to the Ottoman war effort and a betrayal of the state. The memoirs contain vivid accounts of daily life in Beirut, Jerusalem, Damascus, and Medina during World War I.

scholarly journals Portrayal of Nurses in the Lyrics of the Music During World War I

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Kelley H. Pattison
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Music Lyrics ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose: The study explores the description of nurses serving with the US Army and the American Red Cross during World War I as described in a collection of sheet music. The purpose was to identify themes within the lyrics which describe how the nurse was viewed at the time.Background: Analyzing the description of nurses who served during World War I allows the present-day reader insight into how they were perceived by the soldiers they cared for and the public. The contrast between the two types of songs; those written from the point of view of the soldiers and songs written from the point of view of the public, provides an insight into the depiction of the nurses.Method: Thematic analysis was used to review a collection of songs (N=29) for themes and examples of how nurses were described in the music lyrics of World War I music. Library of Congress music archives is the repository of the music reviewed.Findings and conclusions: The song lyrics from the soldiers' point of view describe these women as beautiful, selfless angels, and much like their mothers back home. The lyrics from the public's point of view describe the nurses as one who does her part for the war effort, one who doesn't get enough praise, and a woman of courage. Many songs ask God to save the nurse. Looking back 100 years later, it is interesting to see how the nurse was a revered member of the US war effort during World War I.

Herbert Hoover and the Archives of the Great War

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-224
Author(s):  
Jean M. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
World War ◽  
Peace Movements ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World ◽  
Official Records

Established in 1919, the Hoover Institution Library & Archives at Stanford University is perhaps the world's largest repository of materials related to war, revolution, and peace movements across the globe, with especially rich collections related to the First World War. This article explains the origin and mission of the library, which was created by Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover following their World War I–era work in humanitarian aid, food relief, and diplomacy. Outlining significant holdings related to the war—including not just official records but rare ephemera such as posters, lace, and propaganda—this article explains the Hoovers’ vision of building a vast and varied repository of material that would establish the library as a hub of research on war and revolution. By acquiring significant historical material, the founders and curators sought to encourage future generations of scholars to theorize and employ solutions for building peace worldwide. The article also discusses the library's holdings related to Stanford students who served as ambulance drivers, pilots, soldiers, and nurses during the war—collections that provide valuable insight into the lived experience of the war and document Stanford's contributions to interventionist/anti-interventionist discussions before America's entry into the war in 1917 and, later, to the Allied war effort.

Zemstvos, Peasants, and Citizenship: The Russian Adult Education Movement and World War I

Slavic Review ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Seregny
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
World War I ◽  
Great War ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Imagined Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Education Movement ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Great War

It is widely accepted that Russia's failure in the Great War derived from the fact that its peasants were not “citizens.” Peasants remained isolated and particularistic, in part because Russia's elites had failed to integrate them politically or culturally into anything resembling a “nation.” When Russian peasants dreamed, it was not as members of an “imagined community” but as peasants, with their own agenda of land and local power and in their own language and cultural codes. As a result, Russia did not represent a “nation at arms,” and most peasants lacked deep commitment to or understanding of their country's war effort.

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