CULTURAL ELITE OR POLITICAL VANGUARD? AMERICAN VOLUNTEERS JOIN THE EUROPEAN WAR, 1914–1917

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Jansen
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
American Government ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
War Zone ◽  
Cultural Elite ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Personal Decision

This essay investigates the motives by American volunteers during the neutrality period between 1914 and 1917 who decided to go to the war zone in Europe. Thousands of American men and women supported the Allies as nurses, doctors, ambulance drivers, soldiers, or fighter pilots. Even though they had chosen to support one side in the war, however, even avid and well-connected supporters of the Allies rarely called for U.S. intervention. The absence of a political perspective was tied to peculiar personal motives. Calling for intervention in the war would have turned the fight into a national cause and public duty, reducing the value of a personal decision to go to war. When the United States entered the war in 1917, some volunteers joined the American war effort to support their flag, whereas others abandoned a war they no longer considered interesting. These responses were part of a significant shift in the role of American government.

scholarly journals The Role of The Physical and Social Environment for Physical Activity for College Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
Melissa Bopp ◽  
Oliver W.A. Wilson ◽  
Lucas D. Elliott ◽  
Kelsey E. Holland ◽  
Michele Duffey
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
College Students ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic created significant disruptions for college students, impacting health and physical activity (PA). Changes to the PA environment presented many challenges for students.Purpose: To examine the influence of the physical and social environment on PA participation for college students during the onset of COVID-19 restrictions.Methods: This cross-sectional, mixed methods survey used an online questionnaire during the onset of COVID-19 restrictions with a volunteer sample of college students at a large university in the United States. Participants self-reported their demographics, PA level and environment for PA, and responded to an open-ended question about their PA participation during the pandemic. Correlations and independent samples t-tests examined relationships between PA and the environment. Qualitative data were scanned to identify overarching themes.Results: Participants (n = 395) were predominantly Non-Hispanic White and female. The neighborhood environment and access to PA equipment were associated with PA for both men and women. Major qualitative themes highlighted the role of the physical environment and PA. Participating in PA with friends and family was positively associated with PA for both men and women as well.Conclusions: This study provides insight on the importance of the social and built environment for encouraging and supporting PA among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic which may provide insight for distance education as higher education evolves.

Women’s History and Religious Innovation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Braude
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Christian Temperance Union ◽  
Private Matter ◽  
Frances Willard

Scholars agree in discerning discrepancies between men and women in discussions of secularization, yet often base such discussions on relatively shallow social survey data about individual piety. This chapter points away from views of women’s religiosity as a private matter towards the role of women’s organizations in public life. Such groups epitomize the voluntarism that is often suggested as an explanation of the vibrancy of nineteenth- and twentieth-century religious movements in the United States, in contrast to secularization in Europe. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union in particular offers opportunities for comparison. When its leader, Frances Willard, relocated to England, she expected to generate the same enthusiasm that had made her one of the most influential women leaders in America. The attempt foundered on the lack of receptivity among British women for Willard’s famous ‘Do Everything’ policy, an attempt they viewed as distinctively American.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
B. Zorina Khan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

Knowledge and ideas, incentives, and institutions are central for understanding technological change and long-term economic growth. This book bridges the current disconnect between the economics of technological change and the analysis of institutions. The discussion draws on detailed information about the experience of over one hundred thousand ingenious men and women in Britain, France, and the United States, whose inventions helped to create the modern knowledge economy. These results overturn longstanding myths of invention about elites, innovation prizes, and “entrepreneurial states,” and instead highlight the pivotal role of property rights and markets in ideas in explaining technological progress and the wealth of nations.

The Role of Firms in Gender Earnings Inequality: Evidence from the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 384-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Sorkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Random Search ◽  
The United States ◽  
Search Model ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
The Us

This paper documents that in the US, men are more likely than women to work in both high-wage firms and high-wage industries. I then ask why this sorting occurs. I consider two main explanations: men and women have different preferences, and men and women have different opportunities. Through the lens of a simple random search model, I find that the dominant explanation for sorting is differences in opportunities. One implication of this result is that women are at firms that offer better nonpay characteristics, and this plays an important role in explaining the gender earnings gap.

Putting Africa's House in Order to Deal with Developmental Challenges

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Government ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
White House ◽  
American Military ◽  
Rogue States ◽  
The One ◽  
Abundant Supply

However proud Africans must be to have a person of African descent in the White House, they should have no illusions as to how much President Barack Hussein Obama can do for Africa. Africans must put their own house in order for purposes of dealing successfully with the major challenges facing the continent, the most important of which is that of democratic and developmental governance. Obama's priorities are not necessarily those of Africans. They have to do with the role of the United States as a superpower in a global system in which the American military and business corporations play a hegemonic role. In this context, Africa is relevant to American and Obama's global priorities when its resources are needed to strengthen this role, on the one hand, or its humanitarian crises are likely to affect them in an adverse manner, on the other.What are these global priorities, and how are they likely to affect Africa during Obama's tenure? Following is a brief examination of four major priorities. The first is limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. Operating on the premise that nuclear weapons should be limited to the few countries now possessing them (U.S., Russia, Britain, France, China, Israel, India, and Pakistan), the U.S. government has led an international campaign against the acquisition of nuclear weapons technology by other countries, particularly those deemed hostile to Western interests, such as Iran and North Korea. Since South Africa destroyed the nuclear arsenal of the former apartheid state and Libya gave up its nuclear ambitions, the only relevant issue with respect to Africa's role in the spread of nuclear weapons is the question of who has access to Africa's abundant supply of uranium. Denying access to African uranium to “rogue states” and terrorist organizations is an important foreign policy objective of any American government, including the Obama administration.

The Third Home Rule Crisis, the First World War, and Partition

2018 ◽  
pp. 44-86
Author(s):  
Lindsey Flewelling
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
American People ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
World War ◽  
American Government ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irish America ◽  
The First World War

This chapter analyses the third Home Rule crisis at the beginning of the twentieth century, as Irish unionism evolved to focus on a distinctive Ulster identity separate from the rest of Ireland. Militancy was increasingly open, partially justified a violent image of Irish-America which the unionists themselves had created. Next, the chapter investigates the role of the United States in World War I-era Irish politics, which had the effect of increasing Ulster unionists’ sense that their loyalty to the British government had been betrayed. The unionist movement advanced during this period to become increasingly militant, focused in Ulster, and gradually accepting of partition. Unionists sought to discredit Irish-America and American government influence, and appeal to the American people to support their own movement.

Resisting the Enforcement of Sexual Harassment Law

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine E. Tinkler
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexual Harassment Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sexual Harassment Policy ◽  
Harassment Policy

Most people in the United States believe that sexual harassment should be illegal and that enforcement is necessary. In spite of such widespread support for antiharassment regulations, sexual harassment policy training provokes backlash and has been shown to activate traditional gender stereotypes. Using in-depth interviews and participant observations of sexual harassment policy training sessions, this study uncovers the micro-level mechanisms that underlie ambivalence about the enforcement of sexual harassment law. I find that while the different locations of men and women in the status hierarchy lead to different manifestations of resistance, gender stereotypes are used to buttress perceptions that sexual harassment laws threaten norms of interaction and status positions that men and women have an interest in maintaining. The research has implications for understanding the role of law in social change, legal compliance, and the potential/limits of law for reducing inequality.

The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s Romania. By Gail Kligman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 358p. $44.95.

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-502
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Wolchik
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women In The Workplace ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Control

Gail Kligman analyzes the reproductive policies of the Ceausescu regime and the responses of experts and the population to those policies. Drawing on extensive interviews with ordinary men and women as well as experts and on archival research, the author provides a wealth of informa- tion about demographic trends and reproductive policies in Romania from the outset of the communist era to the violent overthrow of the Ceausescu regime in late 1989. Kligman traces the way in which communist leaders used legislation, measures to "protect" women in the workplace, propaganda, and control of the media and other sources of information to propagate their desired model of women and influence reproductive choices. She analyzes the role of key profession- als, such as demographic experts and, particularly, physicians and other medical personnel, in the making and implement- ing of reproductive policies. She also considers the role of international actors, including the United States, in perpet- uating the Ceausescu regime.

scholarly journals Modern Orthodoxy in the Forties

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Military Chaplaincy ◽  
Made In

This article examines trends in Modern Orthodoxy in North America in the 1940s. Canadian and American Orthodox rabbis and laypeople belonged to the same organizations, such as the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America and the Rabbinic Council of America (RCA). The major Orthodox rabbinic seminaries were located in the United States, and many Canadian rabbis were trained there. One of the issues the article addresses is Modern Orthodoxy’s issues with Traditional Orthodoxy, which - while newer on the scene in the 1940s - was beginning to make its mark. Orthodox leaders also took an active role in the war effort; the role of Orthodoxy was enhanced on the American scene by the contributions that the RCA made in the area of military chaplaincy. Orthodox leaders also took on a major role in the attempt to rescue European Jewry. Finally, just as there was a new role for America in Modern Orthodoxy, there was a new role for Zionism and Eretz Yisrael.

Jills of All Trades

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Bette Davis ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Party Support ◽  
Creative Role

The most significant shift in the wartime and postwar history of the Hollywood producer was the rise of women. Joan Harrison and Virginia Van Upp are best known, but little has been written about the producing careers of Harriet Parsons, Helen Rathvon, Ruth Herbert, Frances Manson, Ginger and Lela Rogers, Constance Bennett, Joan Bennett, Helen Deutsch, Jane Murfin, Theresa Helburn, Bette Davis, Katharine Hepburn, Kay Francis, and Rita Hayworth. Together with Mary Pickford, longtime partner of United Artists Studios, and Ida Lupino, actress turned writer-director-producer, they formed a formidable contingent of women who sought to redefine and re-energize the creative role of the producer. Many of these women combined screenwriting, editing, acting, and producing duties. During the war years, two factors advanced women’s executive roles in Hollywood: women outnumbered men in the United States and public and cross-party support for the Equal Rights Amendment was at its peak.

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