Vegetable crop emergence and weed control following amendment with different Brassicaceae seed meals

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Rice ◽  
J.L. Johnson-Maynard ◽  
D.C. Thill ◽  
M.J. Morra
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Biological Weed Control ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBrassicaceae seed meals produced through the oil extraction process release biologically active glucosinolate secondary products and may be useful as a part of biological weed control systems. Before meal can be used most efficiently, recommendations for suitable planting dates that maximize weed control but reduce crop injury must be determined. Our objectives were to determine the impact of 1 and 3% (w/w) meal applications of Brassica napus L. (canola), Brassica juncea L. (oriental mustard) and Sinapis alba L. (yellow mustard) on crop emergence and weed biomass in a growth chamber and field study. Results from the growth chamber experiment indicated that lettuce emergence was reduced by at least 75% when planted into 3% S. alba-amended soil earlier than 5 weeks after meal application. After 5 weeks, emergence was not different among treatments. Crop emergence was not reduced by any meal treatment as compared to the no-meal treatment in year 1 of the field study. In year 2, crop emergence in each 1.2-m row was inhibited by all meal treatments and ranged from 16 plants in the 3% B. juncea treatment to 81 plants in the no-meal treatment. The difference between emergence results in year 1 and year 2 is likely due to differing climatic conditions early in the season prior to irrigation, and the method of irrigation used. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) biomass was 72–93% lower in 1% B. juncea and 3% treatments relative to the no-meal control in the first weed harvest of year 1. These same treatments had 87–99% less common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) biomass. By the second weed harvest, redroot pigweed biomass in meal treatments (0.02–1.6 g m−2) was not different from that in the no-meal treatment (0.97 g m−2). Redroot pigweed biomass in 3% B. juncea plots was reduced by 74% relative to the no-meal treatment in the first harvest of year 2. This treatment also reduced common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] biomass by 99% relative to the 1% meal treatments. While pigweed biomass was reduced by 3% B. juncea in the early part of the season, by the second harvest this same treatment had the greatest pigweed biomass. Despite significant variability between years, 3% B. juncea did provide early season weed control in both years. Repeated meal applications, however, may be necessary to control late season weeds. Inhibition of crop emergence appears to be highly dependent on the amount and distribution of water and needs to be further studied in field settings.

Fluridone for Annual Weed Control in Western Irrigated Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Miller ◽  
Charles H. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Rate Controlled

For 3 yr, fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 kg/ha, was applied with or without 0.6 kg/ha of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) before the preplanting irrigation for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.). Without trifluralin, fluridone at 0.1 kg/ha controlled less than 60% of annual grasses or redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), but the 0.3-kg/ha rate controlled 90%. With trifluralin, fluridone at all rates controlled 98% of these weeds. Fluridone alone controlled 85% or more of black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL.). Fluridone did not alter cotton stand or yield. Fluridone residues 8 months after treatment reduced growth of several crops and weeds by 75% or more.

Differential Susceptibility of two Pigweed (Amaranthusspp.) Species to Napropamide

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Jachetta ◽  
S. R. Radosevich ◽  
C. L. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Differential Control

Differential napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] tolerance by redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blitoidesS. Wats.) was noted in field study. Redroot pigweed was readily controlled whereas prostrate pigweed was not. Germination studies in which both pigweed species were directly exposed to napropamide (0 to 25 ppm) indicated that prostrate pigweed was the most susceptible of the two species. Root growth rates of untreated prostrate pigweed were 30% greater than redroot pigweed. When seeds of both species were germinated in a 4-cm layer of napropamide in greenhouse study each species was controlled equally well. Exposure of germinating seedlings of the two pigweed species to napropamide 1 day before emergence resulted in differential control. Seedlings of redroot pigweed never developed beyond the cotyledon stage; whereas, prostrate pigweed seedlings were initially suppressed by the herbicide, but surviving plants continued to grow. An early preemergence application or mechanical incorporation of napropamide should enhance control of prostrate pigweed.

scholarly journals Influence of Winter Rye and Preemergence Herbicides on Weed Control in No-tillage Zucchini Squash Production

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alan Walters ◽  
Scott A. Nolte ◽  
Bryan G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Residue Biomass ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

The influence of `Elbon', `Maton', and `Wheeler' winter rye (Secale cereale) with or without herbicide treatments on weed control in no-tillage (NT) zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) was determined. `Elbon' or `Maton' produced higher residue biomass, greater soil coverage, and higher weed control compared with `Wheeler'. Although winter rye alone did not provide sufficient weed control (generally <70%), it provided substantially greater redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) control (regardless of cultivar used) compared with no winter rye at both 28 and 56 days after transplanting (DAT). No effect (P > 0.05) of winter rye cultivar on early or total squash yield was detected. Although applying clomazone + ethalfluralin to winter rye residues improved redroot pigweed control compared with no herbicide, the level of control was generally not adequate (<85% control) by 56 DAT. Treatments that included halosulfuron provided greater control of redroot pigweed than clomazone + ethalfluralin, and redroot pigweed control from halosulfuron treatments was similar to the weed-free control. However, regardless of year or cover crop, any treatment with halosulfuron caused unacceptable injury to zucchini squash plants which lead to reduced squash yield (primarily early yields). Insignificant amounts of squash injury (<10% due to stunting) resulted from clomazone + ethalfluralin in no-tillage plots during either year. Treatments with clomazone + ethalfluralin had early and total yields that were similar to those of the weed-free control, although this herbicide combination provided less weed control compared with the weed-free control.

scholarly journals Early Season Broadleaf Weed Control in Onion

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 971D-972
Author(s):  
Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti ◽  
Carrie E. Schumacher ◽  
Collin P. Auwarter ◽  
Paul E. Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Residual Control

Field studies were conducted at Absaraka, Carrington, and Oakes, N.D., in 2005 to evaluate early season broadleaf weed control and onion (Allium cepa L.) injury with herbicides applied preemergence to the crop. DCPA is a common preemergence herbicide used in onion. However, DCPA can be uneconomical in most high-weed situations, or the usage may be restricted due to possible groundwater contamination. Potential substitutes evaluated were bromoxynil, dimethenamid-P, and pendimethalin. Main broadleaf weeds were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). In general, all herbicides, except bromoxynil, provided acceptable broadleaf weed control 4 weeks after treatment. The highest herbicide rate provided greater weed control compared with the lowest rate for each herbicide. However, onion height was also reduced with the highest herbicide rate. In addition, the two highest rates of dimethenamid-P reduced the onion stand compared with the untreated. A postemergence application of bromoxynil + oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin to onion at the four- to five-leaf stage controlled the few broadleaf weeds that escaped the preemergence treatments and provided residual control of mid- and late-season germinating broadleaf weeds at two of the three locations. Intense germination of redroot pigweed during July at the Oakes location reduced onion yield with all treatments compared with the hand-weeded check. In contrast, total onion yields with all herbicide treatments except the high rate of dimethenamid-P were similar to the hand-weeded check at Absaraka and Carrington.

Chlorsulfuron for Weed Control in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide} was nontoxic to safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.) when applied postemergence in 1983 and 1984 at 0.018 and 0.035 kg ai/ha. Trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] at 1.1 and 1.7 kg ai/ha and pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] at 0.8 and 1.1 kg ai/ha were applied previously as preplant soil-incorporated treatments. In both years, safflower was relatively free of weeds where trifluralin was applied alone or in sequential treatments with chlorsulfuron. Pronamide, with or without chlorsulfuron, failed to completely control witchgrass (Panicum capillareL. ♯ PANCA) in 1 yr; thus safflower grain yields were reduced 21 to 35% when compared to weed-free safflower. Chlorsulfuron controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestrisL. ♯ TRBTE), and common sunflower (Helianthus annuusL. ♯ HELAN).

Weed Control in Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) with Desmedipham and Phenmedipham

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte D. Anderson ◽  
W. Eugene Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Height Reduction ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Leaf Necrosis

Desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)] controlled wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯3SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) more effectively than phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate). A synergistic interaction occurred with all tank-mix combinations of the two herbicides for wild mustard control, except combinations containing 0.71 kg ai/ha of desmedipham. The magnitude of the synergism decreased as the rate of desmedipham was increased and increased as the rate of phenmedipham increased. Both herbicides caused injury symptoms of leaf necrosis and height reduction to sunflowers (Helianthus annuusL.). Crop injury and sunflower heights were affected more by desmedipham than by phenmedipham. Injury effects were temporary and had no influence on sunflower yields.

Weed Seed Decline in Irrigated Soil after Six Years of Continuous Corn(Zea mays)and Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Schweizer ◽  
Robert L. Zimdahl
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
The Impact

The impact of two weed management systems on the weed seed reserves of the soil, on the yearly weed problem, and on corn (Zea maysL.) production was assessed where corn was grown under furrow irrigation for 6 consecutive years. In one system, 2.2 kg/ha of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was applied annually to the same plots as a preemergence treatment. In the other system, a mixture of 1.7 kg/ha of atrazine plus 2.2 kg/ha of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] was applied preemergence, followed by a postemergence application of 0.6 kg/ha of the alkanolamine salts of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. The response of weeds and corn is presented only where atrazine was applied annually because the results were similar between both weed management systems. Weed seeds from eight annual species were identified, with redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album♯ CHEAL) comprising 82 and 12%, respectively, of the initial 1.3 billion weed seeds/ha that were present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile. After the sixth cropping year, the overall decline in the total number of redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters seeds was 99 and 94%, respectively. Very few weeds produced seeds during the first 5 yr, and no weed seeds were produced during the sixth year where atrazine was applied annually. When the use of atrazine was discontinued on one-half of each plot at the beginning of the fourth year, the weed seed reserve in soil began to increase due to an increase in the weed population. After 3 yr of not using atrazine, the weed seed reserve in soil had built up to over 648 million seeds/ha, and was then within 50% of the initial weed seed population. In the fifth and sixth years, grain yields were reduced 39 and 14%, respectively, where atrazine had been discontinued after 3 yr.

Influence of Climate and Additives on Bentazon

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 504-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Jerzy Pudelko ◽  
K. A. Adamczewski
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Experiments were conducted in the growth chamber and greenhouse to determine the influence of humidity, temperature, simulated rainfall, and oil additives with bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one 2,2-dioxide] upon redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) control. Generally, bentazon gave increased redroot pigweed control with high rather than low humidity. However, the increased weed control with high humidity was greater at 10 C than at 20 or 30 C. A simulated rainfall within 24 hr after bentazon application reduced redroot pigweed control. A simulated rainfall of 650 L/ha within 1.5 hr after bentazon application increased control of redroot pigweed, while more than 1300 L/ha simulated rainfall decreased redroot pigweed control. Emulsifiable linseed oil and petroleum oil additives to the spray reduced the detrimental effect of low humidity and simulated rainfall upon redroot pigweed control with bentazon. Emulsifiable linseed oil was more effective than petroleum oil in reducing the detrimental effect of low humidity and of simulated rainfall. However, emulsifiable linseed oil reduced the redroot pigweed control with bentazon with high humidity at 30 C compared to bentazon applied alone or with petroleum oil.

Effect of Additives upon Phenmedipham for Weed Control in Sugarbeets

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Weed control and sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) injury from applications of methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methyl-carbanilate (phenmedipham) were influenced by additives, volume of additive, and species in both field and greenhouse experiments. Oils were more effective than the surfactant as additives to phenmedipham on green foxtail (Setaria virdis(L.) Beauv.), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). Herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia (Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.) or wild mustard (Brassica kaber(D.C.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler) was not enhanced by any additive. Linseed oil (2.34 L/ha) enhanced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and redroot pigweed more than petroleum (2.34 L/ha) or sunflower (Helianthus annusL.) oil (2.34 or 9.35 L/ha). However, linseed oil reduced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia.

ICIA-0051 for Postemergence Weed Control in Conventional Corn (Zea Mays)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Large Crabgrass

A 2-yr field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ICIA-0051 for the control of annual grass and broadleaf weed species in conventional tillage corn. Treatments consisted of postemergence applications of ICIA-0051 alone and in combination with cyanazine or atrazine. ICIA-0051 at 0.6 kg ha-1 alone and in combination with cyanazine or atrazine at 1.1 kg ha-1 controlled large crabgrass, yellow foxtail, fall panicum, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed effectively (over 90%). The addition of cyanazine or atrazine at 1.1 kg ha-1 to the lowest rate (0.3 kg ha-1) of ICIA-0051 also improved large crabgrass, yellow foxtail, and fall panicum control by 9, 7, and 26%, respectively. None of the treatments of ICIA-0051 except the highest rate (1.1 kg ha-1) reduced either silage or grain yields of corn.

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