Effect of maturity of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay on intake, digestibility, and rumen dynamics when given to zebu bulls

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 144-144
Author(s):  
A.J. Ayala-Burgos ◽  
F.D.DeB. Hovell ◽  
R.M. Godoy ◽  
Hamana S. Saidén ◽  
R. López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Cattle in the tropics mostly depend on pastures. During dry periods the forage available is usually mature, constraining both intake and digestion. These constraints need to be understood, for intake and digestibility define productivity. Intake depends on the rumen space made available by fermentation and outflow. Markers such as PEG (liquid phase), and chromium mordanted fibre (solid phase) can be used to measure rumen volume and outflow, but have limitations. The objective of this experiment was to measure intake, digestibility, and rumen kinetics of cattle fed ad libitum forages with very different degradation characteristics, and also to compare rumen volumes measured with markers with those obtained by manual emptying.

Voluntary food intake, live-weight change and lactation performance of crossbred dairy cows given ad libitum Pennisetum purpureum (napier grass var. Bana) supplemented with leucaena forage in the lowland semi-humid tropics

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Muinga ◽  
W. Thorpe ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Daily Milk

AbstractScarce and poor-quality food resources limit smallholder dairy production in the tropics. Food resources for zerograzing may be improved by intercropping Pennisetum purpureum (napier grass) with Leucaena leucocephala leguminous hedgerows. To evaluate dairy cow performance from this alley cropping system, 36 Ayrshire/Brown Swiss × Sahiwal cows in a 2×3 factorial design were individually fed from the 3rd week of lactation for 14 weeks on diets of napier fodder harvested at 1·0 m or 1·5 m and offered ad libitum, supplemented with 0, 4 or 8 kg fresh weight leucaena fodder. Average daily milk yield during the 2nd week of lactation was a covariate in the analyses of milk yield, and post-partum live weight a covariate in the analyses of dry matter (DM) intake and live-weight change.Napier harvesting height and leucaena level had independent effects on performance. Napier height (1·0 m or 1·5 m) significantly (P < 0·01) affected daily napier DM intake (9·3 and 6·8 kg), total daily DM intake (10·5 and 7·9 kg), daily live-weight losses (165 and 490 g) and daily milk yield (8·6 and 6·9 kg respectively). Leucaena supplementation (0, 4 or 8 kg) significantly (P<0·01) increased total daily DM intake (7·8, 9·3 and 10·4 kg), reduced daily live-weight loss (560,235 and 175 g), and increased daily milk yield (7·3, 7·7 and 8·3 kg respectively). The results show that reasonable dairy performance can be achieved in the tropics by supplementing a napier fodder basal diet with leucaena forage, and highlight the importance of the stage of harvesting of the napier fodder. The results are discussed in relation to the nutrient requirements for milk production given by the Agricultural Research Council (1980 and 1984).

Thermodynamics and Kinetic Considerations behind the Growth of AlN Whiskers Synthesized by Carbothermal Reduction

2007 ◽  
Vol 280-283 ◽  
pp. 1403-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren Li Fu ◽  
He Ping Zhou ◽  
Ke Xin Chen ◽  
José Maria F. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Synthesis Temperature ◽  
Screw Dislocations ◽  
Melting Point Eutectic ◽  
Kinetics Of

AlN whiskers have been successfully synthesized by carbothermal reduction. The thermodynamics and growth kinetics of AlN whiskers were studied at 1600°C using CaCO3 as a catalyst. The research indicated that AlN whiskers are more easily nucleated from the liquid phase than at the surface of solid phase. AlN whiskers are nucleated by VLS mechanism and the liquid, which plays a dominant role in the VLS mechanism, is formed by Al-Ca interphases, such as CaO×2Al2O3 and CaO×6Al2O3. Kinetic studies suggest that the catalyst reacts with Al2O3 to form a low melting point eutectic (1390°C). The liquid phase formed at this low melting point eutectic provides good conditions for nucleation of AlN whiskers. At the synthesis temperature, the liquid phase vaporizes, thus creating suitable conditions for the subsequent growing of whiskers by the VLS mechanism. This growing mechanism conforms to thermodynamics and a lot of proof indicates that screw dislocations play an important role in the process of the whiskers' formation.

scholarly journals Chemical Kinetics of Alkaline Pretreatment of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Prior Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Eshorame Sanni ◽  
Olasubomi Akinrinola ◽  
Esther Ojima Yusuf ◽  
Omololu Oluwatobi Fagbiele ◽  
Oluranti Agboola
Keyword(s):  
Waste Material ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
Pretreatment Time ◽  
Reaction Orders ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Vast Area ◽  
Total Lignin

Background:Napier grass is a naturally abundant waste material that can be cultivated over a vast area of land which makes it a viable source for sugar and bioethanol production.Introduction:The presence of lignin in the biomass makes cellulose inaccessible for conversion to useful products, however, in order to provide for efficient utilization of the waste material, reagent and energy, a study on the kinetics of lignin removal from Napier grass was carried out in this work using 1 and 3 w/w % NaOH at temperatures between 80 and 120°C.Materials & Methods:Based on the investigation, there was increased lignin removal for increased NaOH concentration. Kinetic parameters were also determined and it was observed that, the reaction of lignin in Napier grass with NaOH obeys a pseudo-zero or pseudo-fractional order kinetics. Furthermore, the orders of the reaction for the pretreatment conditions of 3 w/w% NaOH at 100°C and those of 3 and 1 w/w NaOH at 120°C gave close reaction orders of 0.2, 0.22 and 0.24 respectively after 110 minutes, which implies that, for the three cases, the residual lignin in the extract was almost the same at the pretreatment conditions while slight differences are evident in their pseudo rate constants. Also, it was observed that, the activation energy of the reaction reduced significantly as the concentration of NaOH increased from 1w/w - 3 w/w%.Conclusion:Based on the AIL and the total lignin (i.e.AIL + ASL) in the Napier grass, the recorded delignification efficiencies at the optimum pretreatment time of 17.5 h are 90 and 76% respectively. In addition, the adopted Differential Technique (DT) combined with the Ostwald Method of Isolation (OMI) can be accurately used to study the kinetics of lignin removal from Napier grass.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Diauxic Biogas Production from Energy Crops: Sunflower (Helianthus annus) and Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with Animal Manure

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Christian C. Opurum ◽  
Christian O. Nweke ◽  
Christopher E. Nwanyanwu ◽  
Nkemakolam A. Nwogu
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Function Model ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Kinetics Of

This study evaluated the kinetics of diauxic-like pattern of biogas production from energy crops, Sunflower (SF) and Napier grass (NG) with cow dung (CD). The tests were performed in a batch reactor (R) operation for 60 days in R1 - R4 and 53 days in R5 - R8 under mesophilic conditions (24 - 36OC). The characteristics of the tested energy crops suggest that they hold prospects for bioenergy production. The cumulative biogas yield/gVS showed that the best performance was R1 with a biogas yield of 15.17 dm3 (0.046 dm3/gVS) followed by R3, 13.90 dm3 (0.041 dm3/gVS) and R2, 11.01dm3 (0.032 dm3/gVS). A significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in biogas yield was found in the reactors charged with SF/CD as against SF only. In the reactors that exhibited biphasic biogas production profile, two (2) kinetic parameters, K1 and K2 were determined by the bi-logistic function model. It was observed that the predicted values in the second phase (K2) of biogas production were considerably higher than the first phase (K1) in R2 - R5 as opposed to R6 - R8, which implies more biogas yield in phase 2 than phase 1. The results indicate that anaerobic digestion of SF and NG had a strong positive influence on biogas yield, BP, PR and λ1 but not for λ2. The bi-logistic function model suitably fitted the experimental data with a high correlation coefficient (R2) in the range of 0.986 - 0.997. Based on the kinetic parameters, the bi-logistic function model is well suited for the simulation of diauxic-like biogas production process.

Analysis of the Temporal Compressibility of Breast Tumour Marker Assays: Development of a “Near Patient” Assay

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Murray ◽  
J. F. R. Robertson ◽  
M. R. Price
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Breast Tumour ◽  
Tumour Marker ◽  
Binding Kinetics ◽  
Immunoradiometric Assay ◽  
Assay Performance ◽  
Kinetics Of

The aim of this study was to investigate whether immunoassays for circulating MUC1 antigen in breast cancer could be compressed in time so that serum level results would be made available during the time of the patient's visit to clinic. Two assays were used: - The EMCA (Euro DPC) is a liquid phase immunoassay and the ELSA CA15-3 (CIS) is a double determinant solid phase immunoradiometric assay. The effects of shortened incubation times were investigated by assaying standards and unknown samples and comparing the results with those using the standard kit protocols. The binding kinetics of the monoclonal antibodies employed in the assays were analysed separately. We conclude that the EMCA assay can be shortened to 35 min and we have attributed this to the fast binding kinetics inherent in a liquid phase assay. This shortened assay may produce the basis for a useful “near patient” assay. By comparison, the solid phase ELSA CA15-3 assay cannot be compressed without loss in assay performance.

scholarly journals Effect of Napier grass ensiled with or without inclusion of soy waste on the performance of growing goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mijanur Rahman ◽  
Raja Ili Airina Binti Raja Khalif ◽  
Wan Embong Wan Khadijah ◽  
Ramli Bin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Growing Goats ◽  
Soy Waste ◽  
Ruminant Feed

Utilization of soy waste as a ruminant feed is low due to storage problems and transportation costs.An experiment was carried out with fifteen goats to assess the feeding value of Napier grass(Pennisetum purpureum) ensiled with or without soy waste. Grass ensiled without soy waste wastermed as NM silage, while grass ensiled 30% soy waste (w/w) was termed as NMS silage. In bothsilages, 1.0% molasses (w/w) were incorporated to enhance the fermentation process. After 2months of ensiling, three diets were formulated and assigned to one of three groups: (i) Napier grassad libitum plus 1% pellet of body weight (BW) on a dry matter (DM) basis (T1), (ii) NM silage adlibitum plus 1% soy waste of BW on a DM basis (T2), and (iii) NMS silage ad libitum (T3). TheNMS silage showed a lower pH (4.04 vs. 4.64) than NM silage. The NMS silage exhibited higherproportions of DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) compared to NM silage. Animalsreceived T1 diet showed higher (p<0.05) DM, OM and neutral detergent fibre intake compared tothe animals received T2 and T3 diets. However, animals received T2 diet showed higher CP intakethan the animals received T1 and T3 diets. Similarly, animals received T2 diet showed higher(p<0.05) BW gain (49.4 vs. 16.5 g/d) than the goats fed T3 diet. In conclusion, the T3 diet mayhave limited goat performance, which needs further study to improve the quality of silage.

scholarly journals Passage kinetics of digesta in horses fed with coastcross hay ground to different degrees

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 506-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Pimentel Silva ◽  
Fernando Queiroz de Almeida ◽  
Róbson Ricardo Moreira Pimentel ◽  
Fernanda Nascimento de Godoi ◽  
Tiago Marques dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
The Right ◽  
Kinetics Of

This study was conducted to evaluate the kinetics, physicochemical characteristics and particle size of digesta in the right ventral colon (RVC) of horses fed coastcross hay ground to different degrees. Four horses fitted with cannulae in the RVC were used and were fed the following forms of hay: long, chopped, ground to 5 mm and ground to 3 mm. A Latin Square 4x4 study design was used. Each experimental period included 10 days for diet adaptation, four days for feces collection and one day for digesta collection. The kinetics of the particulate and solute phases of digesta were evaluated based on the mean retention time (MRT), passage rate (k) and transit time (TT) using two external markers: Cr-NDF and Co-EDTA. The TT of solid phase digesta was 3 hours longer (P<0.05) for ground hay than with the other physical forms of hay. There was no difference (P>0.05) in k or MRT in either the liquid or solid phase of digesta as a function of the different degrees of hay grinding. However, the liquid phase of digesta presented a higher k than the solid phase, with values of 3.28 and 2.73 h-1 being obtained, respectively. The smallest particle size and the lowest neutral detergent fiber contents in colon digesta were observed when hay ground to 3 mm was offered, leading to values of 0.51 mm and 53.46%, respectively. Grinding the hay increased the transit time of the liquid phase in the digestive tract of the horses, whereas no change in the kinetics of the solid phase digesta was observed. The grinding of hay reduced the NDF and the average particle size in the right ventral colon.

Identification of hepatitis a virus in cell cultures by solid phase immune electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
C.D. Humphrey ◽  
T.L. Cromeans ◽  
E.H. Cook ◽  
D.W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Detection And Identification

There is a variety of methods available for the rapid detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy as described in several reviews. The predominant techniques are classified as direct electron microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM), liquid phase immune electron microscopy (LPIEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses. However, in recent years, the most progress for identifying viruses has been realized by the utilization of SPIEM.

SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGEN IN ACOUSTOPLASMA DISCHARGE IN A LIQUID-PHASE STREAM

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Bulychev
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Plasma Discharge ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
External Power Source ◽  
Phase Medium

In this paper, the plasma discharge in a high-pressure fluid stream in order to produce gaseous hydrogen was studied. Methods and equipment have been developed for the excitation of a plasma discharge in a stream of liquid medium. The fluid flow under excessive pressure is directed to a hydrodynamic emitter located at the reactor inlet where a supersonic two-phase vapor-liquid flow under reduced pressure is formed in the liquid due to the pressure drop and decrease in the flow enthalpy. Electrodes are located in the reactor where an electric field is created using an external power source (the strength of the field exceeds the breakdown threshold of this two-phase medium) leading to theinitiation of a low-temperature glow quasi-stationary plasma discharge.A theoretical estimation of the parameters of this type of discharge has been carried out. It is shown that the lowtemperature plasma initiated under the flow conditions of a liquid-phase medium in the discharge gap between the electrodes can effectively decompose the hydrogen-containing molecules of organic compounds in a liquid with the formation of gaseous products where the content of hydrogen is more than 90%. In the process simulation, theoretical calculations of the voltage and discharge current were also made which are in good agreement with the experimental data. The reaction unit used in the experiments was of a volume of 50 ml and reaction capacity appeared to be about 1.5 liters of hydrogen per minute when using a mixture of oxygen-containing organic compounds as a raw material. During their decomposition in plasma, solid-phase products are also formed in insignificant amounts: carbon nanoparticles and oxide nanoparticles of discharge electrode materials.

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