Guiding cover crop establishment to scavenge residual soil nitrate nitrogen using site-specific approaches

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Grove ◽  
E. M. Pena-Yewtukhiw
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Yield Map

There is evidence that well managed winter cereal cover crops can scavenge a goodly amount of post summer cereal harvest residual nitrogen (N), reducing nitrate-N losses to leaching or runoff. The objective of this study was to compare nitrate-N phytoremediation areas derived from five sources of information: site specific, non-site specific, or a combination. The non-site specific source was a single “composite” soil nitrate sample. The site specific sources were: a) a dense soil nitrate-N grid sampling; and b) a N removal map calculated from yield and grain N concentration, both determined at the same grid density as soil nitrate-N. The source combinations were: a) a yield map and a single grain N concentration value taken from published information; and b) a yield map and a single field “composite” grain N concentration value. The results indicated that the published grain N value was inferior to measured grain N values, and that the maize (Zea mays L.) yield map best serves as a stratification tool, delineating similar crop performance areas. Random soil sampling within those areas further optimizes residual nitrate-N recovery management. Site specific technologies can guide establishment of N scavenging cover crops to simultaneously improve resource use efficiency and water quality.

Influence of the time and rate of liquid-manure application on yield and nitrogen utilization of silage corn in south coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
J. W. Paul ◽  
O. Schmidt ◽  
R. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Manure-N availability must be known in order to design application practices that maximize the nutrient value of the manure while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. This study determined the effect of time and rate of liquid manure application on silage corn yield and N utilization, and residual soil nitrate at harvest, in south coastal British Columbia. Liquid dairy or liquid hog manure was applied at target rates of 0, 175, 350 or 525 kg N ha−1, with or without addition of 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer, at two sites in each of 2 yr. Time of liquid-dairy-manure application was also tested at two sites in each of 2 yr with N-application treatments of: 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in spring; 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in fall; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in each of spring and fall; 200 kg N ha−1 applied as inorganic fertilizer in spring; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure plus 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer applied in spring; and a control that received no applied N. Fall-applied manure did not increase corn yield or N uptake in the following growing season. At all sites, maximum yield was attained using manure only. Selection of proper spring application rates for manure and inorganic fertilizer were found to be equally important in minimizing residual soil nitrate at harvest. Apparent recovery of applied N in the crop ranged from 0 to 33% for manure and from 18 to 93% for inorganic fertilizer. Key words: N recovery, manure management

scholarly journals Fertilization Rate and Growth of `Hamlin' Orange Trees Related to Preplant Leaf Nitrogen Levels in the Nursery

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 613e-614
Author(s):  
Laura Guazzelli ◽  
Frederick S. Davies ◽  
James J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Leaf N

Our objectives were to determine if leaf N concentration in citrus nursery trees affected subsequent growth responses to fertilization for the first 2 years after planting and how N fertilizer rate affected soil nitrate-N concentration. `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on `Swingle' citrumelo rootstock [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were purchased from commercial nurseries and grown in the greenhouse at differing N rates. Three to five months later trees were separated into three groups (low, medium, high) based on leaf N concentration and planted in the field in Oct. 1992 (Expt. 1) or Apr. 1993 (Expt. 2). Trees were fertilized with granular material (8N–2.6P–6.6K) with N at 0 to 0.34 kg/tree yearly. Soil nitrate-N levels were also determined in Expt. 2. Preplant leaf N concentration in the nursery varied from 1.4% to 4.1% but had no effect on trunk diameter, height, shoot growth, and number or dry weight in year 1 (Expt. 1) or years 1 and 2 (Expt. 2) in the field. Similarly, N fertilizer rate had no effect on growth during year 1 in the field. However, trunk diameter increased with increasing N rate in year 2 and reached a maximum with N at 0.17 kg/tree yearly. Shoot number during the second growth flush in year 2 was much lower for nonfertilized vs. fertilized trees. Leaf N concentrations increased during the season for trees with initially low levels even for trees receiving low fertilizer rates. Soil nitrate-N levels were highest at the 0.34-kg rate, and lowest at the 0.11-kg rate. Nitrate-N levels decreased rapidly in the root zone within 2 to 3 weeks of fertilizing.

Yield and protein responses to nitrogen, and nitrogen fertiliser requirements of grain sorghum, in relation to soil nitrate levels

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. R. Holford ◽  
J. F. Holland ◽  
A. J. Good ◽  
C. Leckie
Keyword(s):  
Yield Response ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
The North ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Protein Response

Sorghum fertiliser experiments at 40 sites on the north-western slopes andplains of New South Wales demonstrated that many soils are severely deficientin nitrogen (N), but most yield responses to fertiliser N occurred on sites inthe southern part of the region. Grain yields responded to fertiliser in fewerthan half of the experiments but protein concentrations responded in about75%.There were 4 distinct types of protein response curve, and the type of curvewas related to the degree of N deficiency. In the most deficient experiments(mean protein 6·1% or less), response curves were convex to thex -axis or linear; at intermediate deficiency (mean protein7·2%), response curves were sigmoid; and at low deficiency (meanprotein 9·7%), response curves were Mitscherlich. Yield responsenever occurred where grain protein was >10%.Maximum grain yield responses and amounts of fertiliser N for maximum profit,estimated by fitting the Mitscherlich equation to response curves, weresignificantly correlated with soil nitrate N levels at various depths in thesouthern experiments, but not in the northern experiments. This difference inN responses appeared to be caused by lower rainfall and higher soil N in mostof the northern experiments. Nitrate-N levels in soils sampled to 15 or 30 cmdepth were better correlated with yield response ( r> 0·81) and fertiliser requirement (r >0·72) than N levels to deeper depths.There was little or no fertiliser N recovery in the grain in the northern experiments but substantial recovery in the south where it was generallygreater than recovery by wheat in earlier experiments in the same region.Fertiliser requirement in relation to soil nitrate-N levels was lower thanthat of these wheat experiments. This was attributed to mid-spring soilsampling for sorghum which underestimates the soil N available to the sorghum

GPFARM modeling of corn yield and residual soil nitrate-N

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J Shaffer ◽  
P.N.S Bartling ◽  
G.S McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Corn Yield ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate N

Fertiliser N and P application on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 3. Grain N uptake and yield by crop/fallow combination, and cumulative grain N removal and fertiliser N recovery in grain

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Lester ◽  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
Chris W. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
P Application ◽  
Fertiliser Application

The grain N uptake response of an opportunity cropping regime comprising summer and winter cereal and legume crops to fertiliser nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) applications was studied in 2 long-term experiments with contrasting durations of cultivation. At the longer cultivation duration Colonsay site (>44 years at commencement), grain N uptake increased with fertiliser N application in 15 of 17 harvested crops from 1985 to 2003. Grain sorghum on short-fallow consistently responded to applied fertiliser N at higher rates (≥80 kg N/ha) than crops grown on long-fallow where either fertiliser at nil or 40 kg N/ha maximised grain N uptake. Winter cereal response to applied N was influenced by fallow length, generally smaller responses in long fallow years, although in-crop rainfall affected this. Short-fallow crops responded up to 40 or 80 kg applied N/ha, while seasonal growing-season rainfall affected the responses of the double-crop winter cereals the most. Responses to applied fertiliser N at the shorter duration cultivation Myling site (9 years at commencement) generally occurred only under high-intensity cropping periods, or in those crops sown following periods of slower potential N mineralisation. Phosphorus fertiliser application influenced grain N uptake at both locations in some years, with winter cereals, legumes, and sorghum sown following long-fallow generally significant. Cumulative grain N uptakes in both experiments were independently influenced by fertiliser N and P treatments, P having an additive effect, increasing grain yield and grain N removed. Recovery efficiency of fertiliser N in grain, derived from cumulative N fertiliser application and grain N uptake, in general declined as amount of fertiliser N applied increased; however, as N supplies became less limiting to yield, P fertiliser generated higher fertiliser N recovery in grain. At Colonsay, RENG from cumulative uptake and removal was ≥0.48 with fertiliser P application for cumulative fertiliser N input ≤1340 kg N/ha (≈80 kg fertiliser N/ha.crop).

On-Farm Evaluation of Winter Wheat Yield Response to Residual Soil Nitrate-N in North China Plain

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1527-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenling Cui ◽  
Xinping Chen ◽  
Yuxin Miao ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Fusuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield ◽  
On Farm

The role of tillage, fertiliser and forage species in sustaining dairying based on crops in southern Queensland 1. Winter-dominant forage systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 890 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Chataway ◽  
W. N. Orr ◽  
J. E. Cooper ◽  
R. T. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration

Field studies were conducted over 5 years on two dairy farms in southern Queensland to evaluate the impacts of zero-tillage, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and legumes on a winter-dominant forage system based on raingrown oats. Oats was able to be successfully established using zero-tillage methods, with no yield penalties and potential benefits in stubble retention over the summer fallow. N fertiliser, applied at above industry-standard rates (140 vs. 55 kg/ha.crop) in the first 3 years, increased forage N concentration significantly and had residual effects on soil nitrate-N at both sites. At one site, crop yield was increased by 10 kg DM/ha.kg fertiliser N applied above industry-standard rates. The difference between sites in fertiliser response reflected contrasting soil and fertiliser history. There was no evidence that modifications to oats cropping practices (zero-tillage and increased N fertiliser) increased surface soil organic carbon (0–10 cm) in the time frame of the present study. When oats was substituted with annual legumes, there were benefits in improved forage N content of the oat crop immediately following, but legume yield was significantly inferior to oats. In contrast, the perennial legume Medicago sativa was competitive in biomass production and forage quality with oats at both sites and increased soil nitrate-N levels following termination. However, its contribution to winter forage was low at 10% of total production, compared with 40% for oats, and soil water reserves were significantly reduced at one site, which had an impact on the following oat production. The study demonstrated that productive grazed oat crops can be grown using zero tillage and that increased N fertiliser is more consistent in its effect on N concentration than on forage yield. A lucerne ley provides a strategy for raising soil nitrate-N concentration and increasing overall forage productivity, although winter forage production is reduced.

scholarly journals Soil nitrate N as influenced by annually undersown cover crops in spring cereals

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KÄNKÄNEN ◽  
C. ERIKSSON ◽  
M. RÄKKÖLÄINEN
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Spring Cereals

Cover crops can reduce leaching and erosion, introduce variability into crop rotations and fix nitrogen (N) for use by the main crops. In Finland, undersowing is a suitable method for establishing cover crops in cereals. The effect of annual undersowing on soil nitrate N was studied at two sites. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), a mixture of red clover and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), and westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) were undersown in spring cereals during six successive seasons, and a pure stand of cereal was grown in two years after that. In all years, the soil nitrate N was measured in late autumn, and in addition in different times of the season in last four years. The effect of undersowing on soil NO3-N content was generally low, but in one season when conditions favoured high N leaching, westerwold ryegrass decreased soil NO3-N. The negligible increase of N leaching risk in connection with undersowing clovers, associated with late autumn ploughing, supports the use of clovers to increase the cereal grain yield. The highest levels of soil NO3-N were recorded at sowing in spring irrespective of whether a crop was undersown or not. NO3-N contents were higher in sandy soil than in silt. Undersowing can be done annually in cereal cultivation either to fix or catch N. No cumulative effects on soil nitrate N were associated with undersowing after six years.;

scholarly journals Release of Ammonium-N (NH4+) and Nitrate-N (NO3-) by Different Leguminous Cover Crops (LCCs) Planted in Peat Soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6793-6797
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Vigorous Growth

Peat soils is renowned for the low mineral-N concentration which is crucial for crop’s growth. One of the effective and conserving method to improve the soil mineral-N concentration is by planting leguminous cover crop (LCC) which is common in oil palm plantation area. However, different LCCs was found to release different concentration of mineral-N into the soils. Hence, this study aims to determine the concentration of soil mineral-N in form of soil ammonium-N (NH4 + ) and soil nitrate-N (NO3 - ) by different types of LCCs namely Mucuna bracteata, Calopogonium mucunoides, Pueraria javanica and Centrosema pubescens as well as to evaluate the effects on physico-chemical properties of peat soils. Results showed most of the LCCs can survive in acidic peat condition whilst improving the concentration of mineral-N in the soils. Mucuna bracteata was found to release a significant amount of mineral-N into the soils and shows a vigorous growth compared to others during the study period. However, it should be noted that different LCCs required distinct time to fix N since the maturity for different LCCs is different. Hence, prolonged studies on release of mineral N into the soil by LCCs are recommended.

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