Answers to Fallacies on the Decimal Question: Balance of Trade, Exchanges, and Common Coins

1855 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-309
Author(s):  
William Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Face ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Fine Gold

Let us suppose France and the United States to enter into a convention with us to issue pieces of gold of the same weight and fineness as our sovereign—that is, containing 113 grains of fine gold; the three countries would then have a common standard of gold money. Let us examine whether, in the face of the operations of commerce, the international quality of value of these coins could at all times be maintained. The temporary balance of trade is always fluctuating in favour of one or the other country; a permanent balance against any country is impossible.

Democratic Resilience

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
The Face ◽  
Distinguished Group

Politics in the United States has become increasingly polarized in recent decades. Both political elites and everyday citizens are divided into rival and mutually antagonistic partisan camps, with each camp questioning the political legitimacy and democratic commitments of the other side. Does this polarization pose threats to democracy itself? What can make some democratic institutions resilient in the face of such challenges? Democratic Resilience brings together a distinguished group of specialists to examine how polarization affects the performance of institutional checks and balances as well as the political behavior of voters, civil society actors, and political elites. The volume bridges the conventional divide between institutional and behavioral approaches to the study of American politics and incorporates historical and comparative insights to explain the nature of contemporary challenges to democracy. It also breaks new ground to identify the institutional and societal sources of democratic resilience.

A Republic, If You Can Keep Its Elections Secure, Accurate, and Fair

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-669
Author(s):  
Martha Kropf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face

We have kept our republic through a variety of localized disasters and various problem elections. The research presented here highlights the field of “Election Science and Administration” (ESA). Research in our field maximize our probability of continuing to keep our republic—even in the face of a pandemic which is a national—and international challenge. As the United States and the world deal with the specter of a pandemic election, the growth of the scholarly field designed to advocate for transparency in data collection and to improve the quality of elections is more important than ever.

Quality of Glucosamine Products: Is it a Potential Reason for Inconsistent Clinical Outcomes in Osteoarthritis?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chhavi Asthana ◽  
Gregory M Peterson ◽  
Madhur D Shastri ◽  
Rahul P Patel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
United States Pharmacopoeia ◽  
Potential Reason

Abstract Background Clinical studies have reported inconsistent outcomes of glucosamine therapy in osteoarthritis patients. One possible reason could be the use of glucosamine products of varying quality. Objective Hence, this study aimed to assess the quality of glucosamine products marketed in Australia and India. This is the first study to investigate both the content and dissolution profiles of glucosamine products. Method The content and dissolution analysis of Australian (n = 25 brands) and Indian (n = 21 brands) glucosamine products was performed according to the criteria specified in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). Results The quality analysis revealed that 16% and 18% of Australian brands, as well as 24% and 19% of Indian brands, did not fulfil the USP content and dissolution criteria, respectively. In approximately half of these cases, the glucosamine content was only slightly below (<3%) that specified by the USP and dissolution was achieved within 15 min after the duration specified by the USP. Conclusions The majority of the brands did meet both the content and dissolution analysis criteria of the USP. The extent of deviation from the specified criteria for the other brands was probably insufficient to account for the significant variability in clinical effects. Hence, the study proposed that inter-patient pharmacokinetic variations in glucosamine could be another potential reason for inconsistent therapeutic effects. Highlights

The African Derivation of Black Fraternal Orders in the United States

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty M. Kuyk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Fraternal Organizations ◽  
Key Phrases

At the turn of the century, when lynching, Jim Crow laws, and disfranchisement were at their worst, black fraternal organizations offered Afro-Americans a place to preserve their self-respect. Scholars have studied these organizations little and understood them less. One early study dismissed them as merely parodying white organizations, but hardly resembling them, while the blacks, it claimed, exaggerated both regalia and ritual. When Noel Gist published his Study of Fraternalism in the United States, Carter Woodson charged that Gist failed to understand the importance of fraternal orders to blacks and that, indeed, Gist barely mentioned the black orders. After a detailed analysis, W. E. B. DuBois found that even black and white orders that shared a name might not resemble one another. He found similarities only in Pythians, Odd Fellows, and Masons. He thought the other black societies were “Negro inventions” and “curious and instructive” organizations. “Invention,” “curious,” “exaggeration,” “parody,” “importance to blacks”—these are the key phrases. All attempt to describe an amorphous quality of black fraternal orders that makes them unique. Yet while failing to define that quality, its would-be describers avoid the issue.

Consigned to hedge: south-east Asia and America's ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
See Seng Tan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Power ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face

Abstract This article assesses how south-east Asian countries and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have responded to the ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP) strategies promoted by the United States and the other countries in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (the ‘Quad’: US, Japan, Australia and India). Their nuanced ripostes imply a persistent commitment to hedging and shifting limited alignments in the face of growing great rivalry and the lack of a clear FOIP vision among Quad members. In the face of external pressure to take sides, the ASEAN states are likely to keep hedging through working selectively with China and the United States. Given the United States' apparent preference to balance China and Trump's disregard for multilateralism, ASEAN's ability to maintain its centrality in the evolving regional architecture is in doubt—despite the Quad countries' (belated) accommodation of ASEAN in their FOIP strategies. However, the success of the US strategy depends on Washington's ability to build and sustain the requisite coalition to balance Beijing. ASEAN has undertaken efforts to enhance bilateral security collaboration with China and the United States respectively. In doing so, ASEAN is arguably seeking to informally redefine its centrality in an era of Great Power discord and its ramifications for multilateralism.

Sweden, the United States, and Raoul Wallenberg's Mission to Hungary in 1944

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Matz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Face ◽  
The U.S

This article provides an in-depth examination of the U.S. government's role in the case of Raoul Wallenberg, the courageous Swedish envoy who died mysteriously in the Soviet Union after being arrested by Soviet occupation forces at the end of World War II for unknown reasons. The article recounts how U.S. officials, particularly the diplomat Herschel V. Johnson, tried to alleviate the plight of Hungarian Jews after German forces occupied Hungary in 1944. A key part of this policy was their effort to work with Sweden in enlisting Wallenberg's help. The U.S.-Swedish relationship was never particularly close, and the mistrust that officials in each country felt toward the other side impeded any coordinated action. The article discusses the bureaucratic impediments on the U.S. side and highlights some of the obstacles that Johnson strove to overcome. The article builds on the report produced by the Eliasson Commission documenting the Swedish government's handling of the Wallenberg case. Although the Swedish authorities bore by far the greatest amount of blame for doing nothing in the face of Soviet stonewalling, Matz argues that U.S. officials also made significant misjudgments that may have exacerbated the situation.

Navigating the Regulatory Environment in American Urban Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Matthew Lehnert ◽  
Isabelle Nilsson ◽  
Neil Reid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neighborhood Revitalization ◽  
Zoning Regulations ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities

The impressive growth in the number of craft breweries in the United States has created both opportunities and challenges for municipalities. On the one hand, it is evident that craft breweries can add to the diversity of the urban fabric and contribute in a meaningful way to neighborhood vitality and, in the case of distressed areas, to neighborhood revitalization. On the other hand, zoning regulations in many municipalities have not been particularly accommodating. Craft breweries pose a challenge to municipalities, as their businesses represent a hybrid of restaurant, manufacturer, and entertainment. To capitalize on the growing popularity of craft breweries, municipalities have been changing their zoning ordinances. In this chapter, we examine the relationship between craft breweries and zoning in three American cities. We seek to highlight the differences and similarities that craft breweries face in seeking optimal locations, in the face of zoning challenges.

scholarly journals Mortality of Centenarians in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Bert Kestenbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Main Part ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Historical Series

AbstractIn the United States, we have not yet reached the point where unedited numerators and denominators for death rates or probabilities are of satisfactory quality for measuring the mortality of centenarians. Ignoring this reality can lead to an estimation of extreme-age mortality which is unacceptable, as is the case for the NCHS’ Data Brief no. 233. Even the better-quality data from the Medicare health insurance program are beset by problems of (1) unreported or unrecorded deaths and (2) date of birth misstatement. On the other hand, there are steps that can be taken to improve the quality of the underlying data, so that the threshold age at which a mathematical model replaces actual data and closes out the life table is pushed further out.The paper begins with a description of the unacceptable results published in Data Brief no. 233 and a critical examination of their sources. The main part of the paper presents some steps to improve the quality of the Medicare enrollment counts. By rearranging the historical series on Medicare enrollment by cohort, it is possible to eliminate unreported and unrecorded deaths. A simple model is then introduced to deal with date of birth misstatement.

scholarly journals The Application of Knowledge Management in The United States Agency for International Development ( USAID )

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rosyihan Hendrawan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
International Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Dynamic Information ◽  
Agency For International Development ◽  
Intellectual Assets ◽  
The Face

This study aims to find out the implementation of Knowledge Management by The United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The other goal of this study is to determine why USAID tries to develop KM. This study was done by using a literature review method with descriptive analyses. Data was collected by documents analyses. This result of the study shows that knowledge management (KM) has a strategic and vital position to the existence of USAID. USAID has been Able to run continuously through the KM division specifically created to carry out a series of policies that have been determined by the USAID. As a worldwide organization, USAID has been very worth implementing its own strategic system in an effort to reach every knowledge management of the latest and dynamic information so that it can be an organization's intellectual assets for sustainability in the era of globalization. Expected with the implementation of KM system will be Able to improve the performance of the organization so that it has a competitive advantage in the face of global competition.

Working With Interpreters to Support Students Who Are English Language Learners

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriette W. Langdon ◽  
Terry Irvine Saenz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
English Language Learners ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Language ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Support Students

The number of English Language Learners (ELL) is increasing in all regions of the United States. Although the majority (71%) speak Spanish as their first language, the other 29% may speak one of as many as 100 or more different languages. In spite of an increasing number of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who can provide bilingual services, the likelihood of a match between a given student's primary language and an SLP's is rather minimal. The second best option is to work with a trained language interpreter in the student's language. However, very frequently, this interpreter may be bilingual but not trained to do the job.

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