Survey of Nebraska Farmers’ Adoption of Dicamba-Resistant Soybean Technology and Dicamba Off-Target Movement

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Werle ◽  
Maxwel C. Oliveira ◽  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Christopher A. Proctor ◽  
Jennifer Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extension Field ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Herbicide Programs

AbstractIn 2017, dicamba-resistant (DR) soybean was commercially available to farmers in the United States. In August and September of 2017, a survey of 312 farmers from 60 Nebraska soybean-producing counties was conducted during extension field days or online. The objective of this survey was to understand farmers’ adoption and perceptions regarding DR soybean technology in Nebraska. The survey contained 16 questions and was divided in three parts: (1) demographics, (2) dicamba application in DR soybean, and (3) dicamba off-target injury to sensitive soybean cultivars. According to the results, 20% of soybean hectares represented by the survey were planted to DR soybean in 2017, and this number would probably double in 2018. Sixty-five percent of survey respondents own a sprayer and apply their own herbicide programs. More than 90% of respondents who adopted DR soybean technology reported significant improvement in weed control. Nearly 60% of respondents used dicamba alone or glyphosate plus dicamba for POST weed control in DR soybean; the remaining 40% added an additional herbicide with an alternative site of action (SOA) to the POST application. All survey respondents used one of the approved dicamba formulations for application in DR soybean. Survey results indicated that late POST dicamba applications (after late June) were more likely to result in injury to non-DR soybean compared to early POST applications (e.g., May and early June) in 2017. According to respondents, off-target dicamba movement resulted both from applications in DR soybean and dicamba-based herbicides applied in corn. Although 51% of respondents noted dicamba injury on non-DR soybean, 7% of those who noted injury filed an official complaint with the Nebraska Department of Agriculture. Although DR soybean technology allowed farmers to achieve better weed control during 2017 than previous growing seasons, it is apparent that off-target movement and resistance management must be addressed to maintain the viability and effectiveness of the technology in the future.

Resistance of tobacco to pandemic blue mould Peronospora hyoscyami de Bary syn P. tabacina Adam): a historical overview

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Lea
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Nicotiana Debneyi

Summary. The pandemic of Peronospora hyoscyami de Bary (syn. P. tabacina Adam) introduced into Britain from Australia in 1957 swept across Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and the former Soviet Union in the early 1960s causing catastrophic losses of tobacco crops. Nicotiana debneyi Domin. is the major source of resistance to this pathogen in Australia and Europe. A blue mould resistant version of USA cultivar Hicks (designated Resistant Hicks) was bred by H. W. Lea. This cultivar, with resistance from N. debneyi was widely used in Europe from 1962 as a parent with local varieties. From 1965 Bel 61 lines bred by the United States Department of Agriculture, also with resistance from N. debneyi were phased in as a source of resistance in some countries. The cultivar Resistant Hicks was selected for resistance in growing seasons with few cloudy days, and its high resistance in Australia has been stable for over 40 years; the cultivar Dynes mostly grown in Australia has the Resistant Hicks source of resistance. The high resistance to Peronospora possessed by cultivars developed from the Bel 61 lines has been stable for more than 20 years in Europe; the Bel lines were selected under shade conditions. Nicotiana debneyi has resistance to Peronospora hyoscyami on 8 chromosomes; there is evidence that both American and Australian resistant cultivars derive some resistance from Nicotiana tabacum L. Both the cultivar Resistant Hicks and Bel 61 lines possess only part of the full resistance available from N. debneyi; further progress may be possible by hybridising these 2 lines and incorporating resistance from other resistant Australian species.

scholarly journals Technical Information Requested by Hispanic Nursery Employees – Survey Results from Oregon and Ohio

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
H.M. Mathers
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Predominantly Hispanic ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
On Farm

Abstract The demographics of the nursery industry in the United States have changed dramatically in the past 10–15 years. Today, the majority of the worker level of nursery staff is Spanish-speaking. Approximately 90% of the Oregon and 60% of the Ohio nursery industry work forces are composed of Hispanic employees. Many of these employees understand little English, and Spanish is their primary language. In Oregon and Ohio 375 and 250 surveys, respectively, were distributed to Spanish-speaking nursery employees. One-hundred-ninety-three surveys were completed in Oregon, as compared to 127 in Ohio. The purpose of these surveys was to determine the backgrounds, experience level and work activities of Hispanic nursery employees, their technical information interests, and what resources were available to these employees. The survey responses came from 3 sources: Interviews at training programs, on-farm visits and mailed surveys in a newsletter format. The three sources were pooled and analyzed. The survey targeted nursery workers filling primarily manual labor positions; however, we found this staff level was predominantly Hispanic. Also, the majority of those surveyed were Hispanic employees who had risen to supervisor or crew leader level, such as propagation area supervisors. Plant identification (95%) and weed control (90%) were the foremost technical topics of interest of Ohio surveyed employees. This was significantly different from the survey results in Oregon where 81% chose insect control, 77% weed control, and 66% disease control as leading topics of interest. In Oregon, plant identification rated only 45%. Ninety-three percent of Ohio and 97% of Oregon newsletter readers wanted to receive future issues of the Spanish language newsletter. This finding was consistent with responses from nursery visits and training programs in the two states where respondents indicated their positive reception to receiving technical information in Spanish.

scholarly journals Mapping Center Pivot Irrigation Fields in South Carolina with Google Earth Engine and the National Agricultural Imagery Program

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alex Pellett
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Irrigation Infrastructure

Aerial images taken during the growing seasons of 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 were visually inspected for evidence of irrigation. Center pivot irrigation was identified by the characteristic shape of the spans and the curved tracks left by the wheels. The author manually delineated a polygon over each agricultural area where signs of irrigation infrastructure were observed. The result is a map of 2,689 polygons covering 146,662 acres in South Carolina. Compared with the United States Department of Agriculture 2017 Census of Agriculture, the sampling results account for over 69% of total irrigated area and over 98% of area irrigated solely by center pivots. Most center pivots covered from 25 to 75 acres, while the largest center pivot extended over 300 acres. These results are an important contribution to the quantification of water use in South Carolina.

Exploring the Potential for a Regulatory Change to Encourage Diversity in Herbicide Use

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Powles ◽  
Todd A. Gaines
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Herbicide Use

An overreliance on herbicides in several important grain- and cotton-producing regions of the world has led to the widespread evolution of herbicide-resistant weed populations. Of particular concern are weed populations that exhibit simultaneous resistance to multiple herbicides (MHR). Too often, herbicides are the only tool used for weed control. We use the term herbicide-only syndrome (HOS) for this quasi-addiction to herbicides. Growers and their advisers focus on herbicide technology, unaware of or ignoring basic evolutionary principles or the necessary diversity provided by other methods of weed control. Diversity in weed control practices disrupts resistance evolution. Significant challenges exist to implementing diversity, including how to address information so that producers choose to alter existing behaviors (HOS) and take calculated risks by attempting new and more complex strategies. Herbicide resistance management in the long term will require creativity in many sectors, including roles for growers, industry, researchers, consultants, retailers, and regulators. There can be creativity in herbicide registration and regulation, as exemplified by the recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program that encourages herbicide registrants to register products in minor crops. We propose one idea for a regulatory incentive to enable herbicide registrants in jurisdictions such as the United States to receive an extended data exclusivity period in exchange for not developing one new herbicide in multiple crops used together in rotation, or for implementing stewardship practices such as robust mixtures or limitations on application frequency. This incentive would provide a mechanism to register herbicides in ways that help to ensure herbicide longevity. Approaches based only on market or financial incentives have contributed to the current situation of widespread MHR. Our suggestion for regulatory creativity is one way to provide both financial and biological benefits to the registering company and to the overall stakeholder community by incentivizing good resistance management.

scholarly journals Comparison of Glufosinate-Based Herbicide Programs for Broad-Spectrum Weed Control in Glufosinate-Resistant Soybean

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jatinder S. Aulakh ◽  
Amit J. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
South Central ◽  
Reduced Density ◽  
Herbicide Programs

Because of the increasing number of glyphosate-resistant weeds, alternate herbicide-resistant crops and herbicides with different modes of action are required to protect crop yield. Glufosinate is a broad-spectrum POST herbicide for weed control in glufosinate-resistant crops, including soybean. The objective of this study was to compare herbicide programs with glufosinate applied singly at late-POST (LPOST) or sequentially at early POST (EPOST) followed by (fb) LPOST applications and PRE herbicides fb EPOST/LPOST glufosinate alone or tank-mixed with acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, orS-metolachlor in glufosinate-resistant soybean. A field experiment was conducted at the South Central Agriculture Laboratory in Clay Center, NE, in 2012 and 2013. Glufosinate applied in a single LPOST or sequential EPOST fb LPOST application controlled common lambsquarters, common waterhemp, eastern black nightshade, green foxtail, large crabgrass, and velvetleaf ≤ 82% and resulted in a weed density of 6 to 10 plants m−2by the end of the season. Flumioxazin-, saflufenacil-, or sulfentrazone-based premixes provided 84 to 99% control of broadleaf and grass weeds tested in this study at 15 d after PRE application and a subsequent LPOST application of glufosinate alone controlled broadleaf and grass weeds 69 to 93% at harvest, depending on the herbicide program and weed species being investigated. The PRE application of sulfentrazone plus metribuzin fb EPOST glufosinate tank-mixed with acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, orS-metolachlor controlled the tested broadleaf and grass weeds ≥ 90%, reduced density to ≤ 2 plants m−2, and reduced weed biomass to ≤ 10 g m−2and produced soybean yields of ≥ 4,450 and 3,040 kg ha−1in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Soybean injury was 0 to 20% from PRE or POST herbicides, or both and was inconsistent, but transient, during the 2-yr study, and it did not affect soybean yield. Sulfentrazone plus metribuzin applied PRE fb glufosinate EPOST tank-mixed with acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, orS-metolachlor provided the highest level of weed control throughout the growing season and increased soybean yield compared with a single LPOST or a sequential EPOST fb LPOST glufosinate application. Additionally, these herbicide programs provide four distinct mechanisms of action that constitute an effective weed-resistance management strategy in glufosinate-resistant soybean.

scholarly journals Early Performance of Jujube Fresh Eating Cultivars in the Southwestern United States

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1941-1946
Author(s):  
Shengrui Yao ◽  
Robert Heyduck ◽  
Steven Guldan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
Performance Results

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), also called chinese date, cultivars have not been formally trialed in the United States after the 1950s. Currently, there are five to six commercially available jujube cultivars, with ‘Li’ as the dominant one. Both growers and consumers demand a wider range of cultivars to extend the maturation season and for different uses. We tested jujube cultivars at three locations in New Mexico [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones 6a, 7a, and 8a] to assess their adaption and performance. These are early performance results for fresh eating cultivars. Jujubes were precocious; 50% to 95% of trees produced during their planting year, depending on cultivar and location. The average yield per tree for trees in their second to fourth year after planting were 409 g, 4795 g, and 5318 g at Alcalde; and 456 g, 3098 g, and 5926 g at Los Lunas, respectively. The yields varied by cultivar and location. ‘Kongfucui’ (‘KFC’) was the most productive cultivar at Alcalde and Los Lunas in both 2017 and 2018, followed by ‘Daguazao’, ‘Gaga’, ‘Honeyjar’, Maya’, ‘Redland’, and ‘Sugarcane’. ‘GA866’, ‘Alcalde #1’, ‘Zaocuiwang’, and ‘Sandia’ had the lowest yields among the 15 cultivars tested. ‘Alcalde #1’ was the earliest to mature with large fruit, suitable for marginal regions with short growing seasons, whereas ‘Sandia’ had the best fruit quality among all cultivars tested, suitable for commercial growers and home gardeners. ‘Maya’, ‘Gaga’, ‘Honeyjar’, and ‘Russian 2’ were very productive, early-midseason cultivars with small fruit but excellent fruit quality—a perfect fit for the home gardener market. ‘Li’, ‘Daguazao’, ‘Redland’, and ‘Shanxi Li’ were productive with large fruit. Cultivars grew faster and produced higher yields, larger fruit, and higher soluble solids at more southerly locations. This article discusses cultivars’ early performance up to the fourth year after planting. This is the first jujube cultivar trial report in the United States since the 1950s.

Classification of Herbicides by Site of Action for Weed Resistance Management Strategies

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. James Retzinger ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Selection Of

A classification of herbicides according to their sites of action was developed to help maintain the usefulness of herbicides as a tool in crop production to delay the selection of herbicide-resistant weeds. The classification includes a numbering system for the site of action, the chemical family, and the common name of the herbicide. The United States of America trade name and package mixes also are included.

scholarly journals Inversion Climatology in High-Production Agricultural Regions of Missouri and Implications for Pesticide Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1973-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy D. Bish ◽  
Patrick E. Guinan ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Time Inversion ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pesticide Applicators ◽  
Temperature Inversions ◽  
Patterns Of Injury ◽  
Agricultural Regions

ABSTRACTMost pesticides applied in the United States have labels that include language prohibiting application during temperature inversions. This restriction, which is well known and is followed by aerial pesticide applicators, has more recently become a focus for ground pesticide applicators. This is partially due to the recent introduction of genetically engineered soybean and cotton with tolerance to dicamba herbicide. Dicamba has been utilized for more than 50 years to control weeds in grain crops, such as corn. In 2017, dicamba was approved for use in dicamba-tolerant soybean and cotton. In 2017 and 2018, dicamba movement onto nontarget plants was substantial. As based on patterns of injury to nontolerant crops and time of applications, some of which occurred during the evening, inversions were likely contributors to off-target movement. Historically, most research on surface temperature inversions and pesticides focused on aerial applications. Research presented here focused on development of inversion profiles at atmospheric heights relevant to ground applications, which typically occur 46–107 cm above ground level (AGL). During the 2015–17 soybean growing seasons, data were collected at three heights AGL (46, 168, and 305 cm) in three soybean-producing regions of Missouri to characterize inversions. Over 600 inversions were characterized; all were nocturnal in nature. Inversions typically lasted overnight at two locations; duration varied at the third. The largest temperature difference recorded was 6°C. This research has resulted in real-time inversion monitoring that is available online to applicators (http://agebb.missouri.edu/weather/realTime/maps/index.php#temp_inversion), and the data generated can be utilized to improve accuracy of low-level inversion forecasting models.

Evaluation of Season-Long Weed Management Programs in Red Beet

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed B. Colquhoun ◽  
Daniel J. Heider ◽  
Richard A. Rittmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Red Beet ◽  
Herbicide Programs

Red beet growers have expressed interest in adopting the microrate herbicide approach originally implemented in sugarbeet to achieve season-long weed management. Several red beet herbicides were first labeled for use in sugarbeet and lack substantial residual weed control. In response, red beet herbicide programs were evaluated that included a PRE application followed by up to three POST applications of various herbicide combinations. This research, however, indicated that herbicide programs that included PRE herbicides followed by as few as one or two POST applications that involve multiple active ingredients can provide season-long weed control. This observation was consistent across a broad spectrum of weeds, between two study locations that varied in soil type, and during two growing seasons. Herbicide programs that included only a PRE and six-leaf red beet growth stage application were successful at two locations in maintaining weed control and crop yield relative to hand-weeded red beet. Furthermore, these herbicide programs reduced the number of applications by 50% compared with the full programs, reducing crop injury risk and grower cost.

scholarly journals Peanut Response to Flumioxazin and S-Metolachlor Under High Moisture Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Tuschak Basinger ◽  
Taylor Randell ◽  
Eric P. Prostko
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Total Production ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Herbicide Programs ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Prostrate Growth

The United States produced $1.28 billion worth of peanuts in 2019 of which Georgia produced 51% of the total production (USDA-NASS 2021). Peanut is susceptible to weed competition due to slow canopy establishment, prostrate growth habit, and wide critical period for weed control from 3 to 8 weeks after planting (Burke et al. 2007; Everman et al. 2008). Georgia-06G is the dominant peanut cultivar planted in the southeast and in 2020, 87% of the acres grown for certified peanut seed available for sale to growers was Georgia-06G (Anonymous, 2020a). Peanut is commonly in rotation with cotton in the region and therefore, similar weed issues between these systems persist. This includes Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) which has been documented to be resistant to multiple herbicide modes of action making its control difficult (Heap 2021). To minimize yield loss from weeds, preemergence (PRE) herbicides are frequently used in peanut to inhibit weed germination and provide residual weed control (Grichar et al. 2001). In response to resistance issues, producers have continued to integrate PRE herbicides into their herbicide programs to minimize weed emergence.

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