scholarly journals Resistance of Inzen™ grain sorghum to multiple PRE- and POST-applied acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hunter D. Bowman ◽  
Tom Barber ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Trenton L. Roberts ◽  
Jason Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Double Mutation ◽  
Height Reduction

Abstract A non-GMO trait called Inzen™ was recently commercialized in grain sorghum to combat weedy grasses, allowing the use of nicosulfuron POST in the crop. Inzen™ grain sorghum carries a double mutation in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene Val560Ile and Trp574Leu, which potentially results in cross-resistance to a wide assortment of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. To evaluate the scope of cross-resistance to Weed Science Society of America Group 2 herbicides in addition to nicosulfuron, tests were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Lon Mann Cotton Research Station near Marianna, AR, the Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Fayetteville, AR, and in 2016 at the Pine Tree Research Station near Colt, AR. The tests included ALS-inhibiting herbicides from all five families: sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, pyrimidinylthiobenzoics, triazolinones, and triazolopyrimidines. Treatments were made PRE or POST to grain sorghum at a 1× rate for crops in which each herbicide is labeled. Grain sorghum planted in the PRE trial were Inzen™ and a conventional cultivar. Visible estimates of injury and sorghum heights were recorded at 2 and 4 wk after herbicide application, and yield data were collected at crop maturity. In the PRE trial, no visible injury, sorghum height reduction, or yield loss were observed in plots containing the Inzen™ cultivar. Applications made POST to the Inzen™ grain sorghum caused visible injury, sorghum height reduction, and yield loss of 20%, 13%, and 35%, respectively, only in plots where bispyribac-Na was applied. There was no impact on the crop from other POST-applied ALS-inhibiting herbicides. These results demonstrate that the Inzen™ trait confers cross-resistance to most ALS-inhibiting herbicides and could offer promising new alternatives for weed control and protection from carryover of residual ALS-inhibiting herbicides in grain sorghum.

scholarly journals Effect of Harvesting Stages on Seed and Oil Yield of Rapeseed-mustard to Suitable in a Cropping Pattern

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
A. H. M. Motiur Rahman Talukder ◽  
Mrityunjoy Biswas ◽  
Mohammad Noor Hossain Miah ◽  
M. A. Kashem ◽  
Lutfun Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Green Stage ◽  
Full Maturity

Aim: To find out the optimum harvesting stage of high yielding rapeseed-mustard varieties to fit in rice based cropping pattern. Study Design: The field study was arranged following RCB (factorial) design with three replications. Place and Duration of the Study: Agronomy field of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur (located between 24°34ʹ and 25°26ʹ North latitude and 89°40ʹ and 90°12ʹ East longitude), Bangladesh during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Methodology: Seeds of mustard varieties viz. BARI Sarisha-11, BARI Sarisha-14, BARI Sarisha-15, Binasarisha-4 & Tori-7 were sown in line maintaining 30cm spacing on 02 November, 2015 and 06 November, 2016. This varieties were harvested at four different harvesting stages viz. H1= Green stage of siliquae, H2= Pale yellow stage of siliquae, H3= Golden yellow stage of siliquae and H4= Full maturity stage of siliquae. Green stage of siliquae was determined just at seven to ten days after all flower droppings of crop while the pale and golden yellow stage of siliquae was determined when 40%-50% and 70%-80% bearing turned into light yellow and deep yellow in color respectively. Full maturity stage of siliqua was determined when lower bearing just brust out. Results: BARI Sarisha-14, BARI Sarisha-15 (B. campestris) and Binasarisha 4 (B. napus) may be harvested at pale yellow stage of siliquae at 73, 82 and 78 DAS (average of two years) considering 11.0% seed and 3.15% oil yield; 10.0% seed and 1.56% oil yield; 6.60% seed and 3.90% oil yield loss respectively than full maturity stage of siliquae. Conclusion: BARI Sarisha-14, BARI Sarisha-15 and Binasarisha 4 need to be sown within first week of November in districts named Mymensingh (located 24°15′ and 25°15′ N and 90°49′ E longitudes),  Jamalpur (located 24°34ʹ and 25°26ʹN latitude and 89°40ʹ and 90°12ʹ E longitude) and Tangail (located 24°01′ and 24°47′ N latitudes and 89°44′ and 90°18' E longitudes) and the crop should be harvested at pale yellow stage of siliquae (within 73-82 days period) sacrificing seed and oil yield loss to some extent to introduce HYVs of rapeseed-mustard in rice based cropping pattern.

scholarly journals First Report of Soybean Vein Necrosis Disease Caused by Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus in Wisconsin and Iowa

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Smith ◽  
C. Fritz ◽  
Q. Watson ◽  
D. K. Willis ◽  
T. L. German ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
First Report ◽  
Vein Necrosis ◽  
L Segment

Several viral diseases of soybean (Glycine max) have been identified in the north-central U.S. soybean production area, which includes Wisconsin and Iowa (2). Previously, Soybean vein necrosis disease (SVND) caused by Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus was reported in Arkansas, Tennessee, and other southern states (4). In September 2012, soybean plants with symptoms similar to those reported for SVND (4) were observed in fields across Wisconsin and Iowa. Symptoms included leaf-vein and leaf chlorosis, followed by necrosis of the leaf veins and eventually necrosis of the entire leaf. Six samples with symptoms indicative of SVNaV were collected from research plots located at the West Madison Agricultural Research Station located in Madison, WI. An additional three samples were collected from three locations in central Iowa. Total RNA extracted from each sample using the Trizol Plus RNA purification kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) using the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) following the manufacturers' suggested protocols. The resulting cDNA was used as template in a PCR with SVNaV-specific primers, SVNaV-f1 and SVNaV-r1 (3). PCRs of two of the six Wisconsin samples and two Iowa samples were positive. Amplification products were not detected in the other five samples. The amplification products from the four strongly positive samples were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI) following the manufacturer's suggested protocol and were subjected to automated sequencing (University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center or Iowa State University, DNA Sequencing Facilities). BLASTn (1) alignments of the 915-bp consensus sequence revealed 98% and >99% identity of the Wisconsin and Iowa samples, respectively, with the ‘S’ segment of the SVNaV ‘TN’ isolate (GenBank Accession No. GU722319.1). Samples from the same leaf tissue used above, were subjected to serological tests for SVNaV using antigen coated-indirect ELISA (3). Asymptomatic soybeans grown in the greenhouse were used as a source of leaves for negative controls. These tests confirmed the presence of SVNaV in eight symptomatic soybean leaflets collected in Wisconsin and Iowa. The asymptomatic control and one Iowa sample, which was also PCR-negative, were also negative by serological testing. Six additional samples from soybean fields in as many Wisconsin counties (Fond Du Lac, Grant, Green, Juneau, Richland, Rock) tested positive for SVNaV using specific primers that amplify the ‘L’ segment (4). The sequenced amplification products (297-bp) showed 99 to 100% homology to the L segment of the TN isolate (GU722317.1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SVNaV associated with soybean and the first report of SVND in Wisconsin and Iowa. Considering that little is known about SVNaV, it is assumed that it is like other Tospoviruses and can cause significant yield loss (4). Soybean is a major cash crop for Wisconsin and Iowa, and infection by SVNaV could result in potential yield loss in years where epidemics begin early and at a high initial inoculum level. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990. (2) G. L. Hartman et al. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed, 1999. (3) B. Khatabi et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 133:783, 2012. (4) J. Zhou et al. Virus Genes 43:289, 2011.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Yield and Drought Tolerance under Rain Fed and Irrigated Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
R. Divya Madhuri ◽  
V. Jayalakshmi ◽  
M. Shanthi Priya
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Mean

In Southern India, drought stress is a major constraint to chickpea production and yield stability. Drought tolerant index (DTI) that provides a measure of drought based on yield loss under drought condition in comparison to normal condition was used for screening drought-tolerant genotypes. This study was conducted to determine drought tolerant genotypes with high yield in stress and non-stress conditions utilising physiological traits. Thirty chickpea genotypes were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rain fed and irrigated conditions at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India during rabi, 2018-2019. The analysis of variance carried out for yield and drought tolerant traits revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all characters under rain fed as well as irrigated conditions. NBeG 776, NBeG 779, NBeG 868, ICCV 181606, MH 13 and MH 14 are drought tolerant. NBeG 776, NBeG 779 and NBeG 868 are suitable under both rain fed and irrigated conditions with significantly higher yields over their respective means. ICCV 181606, MH 13 and MH 14 are suitable exclusively for rain fed condition with significantly superior yields over the mean.

Herbicide diagnostics reveal multiple patterns of synthetic auxin resistance in kochia (Bassia scoparia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Charles M. Geddes ◽  
Mallory L. Owen ◽  
Teandra E. Ostendorf ◽  
Julia Y. Leeson ◽  
Shaun M. Sharpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Auxin Resistance ◽  
Sites Of Action

Abstract Herbicide-resistant (HR) kochia is a growing problem in the Great Plains region of Canada and the United States (U.S.). Resistance to up to four herbicide sites of action, including photosystem II inhibitors, acetolactate synthase inhibitors, synthetic auxins, and the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitor glyphosate have been reported in many areas of this region. Despite being present in the U.S. since 1993/1994, auxinic-HR kochia is a recent and growing phenomenon in Canada. This study was designed to characterize (a) the level of resistance and (b) patterns of cross-resistance to dicamba and fluroxypyr in 12 putative auxinic-HR kochia populations from western Canada. The incidence of dicamba-resistant individuals ranged among populations from 0% to 85%, while fluroxypyr-resistant individuals ranged from 0% to 45%. In whole-plant dose-response bioassays, the populations exhibited up to 6.5-fold resistance to dicamba and up to 51.5-fold resistance to fluroxypyr based on visible injury 28 days after application. Based on plant survival estimates, the populations exhibited up to 3.7-fold resistance to dicamba and up to 72.5-fold resistance to fluroxypyr. Multiple patterns of synthetic auxin resistance were observed, where one population from Cypress County, Alberta was resistant to dicamba but not fluroxypyr, while another from Rocky View County, Alberta was resistant to fluroxypyr but not dicamba based on single-dose population screening and dose-response bioassays. These results suggest that multiple mechanisms may confer resistance to dicamba and/or fluroxypyr in Canadian kochia populations. Further research is warranted to determine these mechanisms. Farmers are urged to adopt proactive non-chemical weed management tools in an effort to preserve efficacy of the remaining herbicide options available for control of HR kochia.

USING CERES-WHEAT MODEL TO SIMULATE GRAIN YIELD PRODUCTION FUNCTION FOR FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN, CONDITIONS

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BAKHSH ◽  
I. BASHIR ◽  
H. U. FARID ◽  
S. A. WAJID
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Yield Function ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Production

SUMMARYUsing computer simulation model as a management tool requires model calibration and validation against field data. A three-year (2008–2009 to 2010–2011) field study was conducted at the Postgraduate Agricultural Research Station of the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to simulate wheat grain yield production as a function of urea fertilizer applications using Crop Environment REsource Synthesis (CERES)-Wheat model. The model was calibrated using yield data for treatment of urea fertilizer application at the rate of 247 kg-urea ha−1 during growing season 2009–2010 and was validated against independent data sets of yield of two years (2008–2009 and 2010–2011) for a wide variety of treatments ranging from no urea application to 247 kg-urea ha−1 application. The model simulations were found to be acceptable for calibration as well as validation period, as the model evaluation indicators showed a mean difference of 8.9%, ranging from 0.05 to 15.38%, root mean square error of 356 having its range from 242 to 471 kg ha−1, against all observed grain yield data. The scenario simulations showed maximum grain yield of 4100 kg ha−1 for 350 kg-urea ha−1 in 2008–2009; 4600 kg ha−1 for 300 kg-urea ha−1 in 2009–2010 and 5200 kg ha−1 for 340 kg-urea ha−1 in 2010–2011. Any further increase in urea application resulted in decline of grain yield function. These results show that model has the ability to simulate effects of urea fertilizer applications on wheat yield; however, the simulated maximum grain yield data need field-based verification.

Effect of Nicosulfuron Applied Postemergence and Post-Directed on Sweet Corn (Zea mays) Tolerance

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren K. Robinson ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Height Reduction

In 1991 and 1993, tolerance of ‘Zenith’ and ‘Merit’ sweet corn to 35 g ai/ha nicosulfuron post-directed (PDIR) 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm up the corn stalk or applied POST was determined. In 1991, nicosulfuron applied POST to Zenith caused approximately 30% visible injury, 30% height reduction, and 50% reduction of U.S. No. 1 marketable ear weight. In 1991 no visible injury was observed in the PDIR treatments. Zenith was not injured by any treatment in 1993. Both years, Merit was killed by nicosulfuron applied POST. In 1991 and 1993, nicosulfuron PDIR 0 and 5 cm up the corn stalk of Merit caused approximately 5% and 65% visible injury, respectively, and resulted in yield loss. PDIR application increased nicosulfuron tolerance of moderately tolerant Zenith but did not improve that of least tolerant Merit.

scholarly journals Response of grain sorghum to low rates of glufosinate and nicosulfuron

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hunter D. Bowman ◽  
Tom Barber ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Trenton L. Roberts ◽  
Jason Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Proportional Rate ◽  
Factor C

Abstract Previous research has shown that glufosinate and nicosulfuron at low rates can cause yield loss to grain sorghum. However, research has not been conducted to pinpoint the growth stage at which these herbicides are most injurious to grain sorghum. Therefore, field tests were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to determine the most sensitive growth stage for grain sorghum exposure to both glufosinate and nicosulfuron. Field test were designed with factor A being the herbicide applied (glufosinate or nicosulfuron). Factor B consisted of timing of herbicide application including V3, V8, flagleaf, heading, and soft dough stages. Factor C was glufosinate or nicosulfuron rate where a proportional rate of 656 g ai ha−1 of glufosinate and 35 g ai ha−1 of nicosulfuron was applied at 1/10×, 1/50×, and 1/250×. Visible injury, crop canopy heights (cm), and yield were reported as a percent of the nontreated. At the V3 growth stage visible injury of 32% from the 1/10× rate of glufosinate and 51% from the 1/10× rate of nicosulfuron was observed. This injury was reduced by 4 wk after application (WAA) and no yield loss occurred. Nicosulfuron was more injurious than glufosinate at a 1/10× and 1/50× rate when applied at the V8 and flagleaf growth stages resulting in death of the shoot, reduced heading, and yield. Yield losses from the 1/10× rate of nicosulfuron were observed from V8 through early heading and ranged from 41% to 96%. Yield losses from the 1/50× rate of nicosulfuron were 14% to 16% at the flagleaf and V8 growth stages respectively. The 1/10× rate of glufosinate caused 36% visible injury 2 WAA when applied at the flagleaf stage, which resulted in a 16% yield reduction. By 4 WAA visible injury from either herbicide at less than the 1/10× rate was not greater than 4%. Results indicate that injury can occur, but yield losses are more probable from low rates of nicosulfuron at V8 and flagleaf growth stages.

Response of Acetolactate Synthase–Resistant Grain Sorghum to Nicosulfuron Plus Rimsulfuron

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shane Hennigh ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Mitchell R. Tuinstra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The lack of POST herbicides to control grasses in grain sorghum prompted researchers to develop acetolactate synthase (ALS)–resistant grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the differential response of ALS-resistant grain sorghum to POST application of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at three growth stages. ALS-resistant grain sorghum was treated with 0, 13 + 7, 26 + 13, 39 + 20, 52 + 26, 65 + 33, 78 + 39, and 91 + 46 g ai ha−1of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron when plants were at the three- to five-leaf, seven- to nine-leaf, or 11- to 13-leaf stage. In general, as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased, visible injury increased at the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages. Injury was greatest 1 wk after treatment for the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages across all ratings, and plants then began to recover. No injury was observed at any rating time for the 11- to 13-leaf stage. Plant height and sorghum grain yield were reduced as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased when applied at the three- to five-leaf stage. However, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at the seven- to nine-leaf and 11- to 13-leaf stages did not decrease sorghum yield. This research indicated that nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron application at the three- to five-leaf stage injured ALS-resistant grain sorghum; however, application at the seven- to nine-leaf or 11- to 13-leaf stages did not result in grain yield reduction.

scholarly journals Responses of Closely Related Bush Blue Lake Snap Bean Cultivars to Increasing Concentrations of Ozone

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-524
Author(s):  
G. Eason ◽  
R.A. Reinert
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Blue Lake ◽  
Chronic Doses ◽  
Lake Type

Eight Bush Blue Lake type snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines and cultivars with similar genetic backgrounds were container-grown to green-pod maturity in open-top field chambers while being exposed to chronic doses of 03 for 7 hours·day-1 for 42 consecutive days. Treatments included charcoal-filtered air, nonfltered air, and 0.02, 0.04, or 0.08 ppm O3 added to nonfiltered air. Visible injury was estimated during the 2nd week of exposure and compared to the green pod yield data. The presence of four yield response groups, as determined via regression analysis, indicated the presence of variation for 03 sensitivity in the germplasm pool, but all eight lines were O3 - sensitive with yield losses at 03 levels exceeding a 7-hour daily mean of 0.085 ppm. Foliar injury may be a good indicator of general yield loss; however, estimates of visible injury lack the precision necessary to distinguish subtle differences among a collection of O3-sensitive snap bean lines.

Effect of intercrops on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
R Chitra, P Hemalatha
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Agricultural Research Station

The initial growth of turmeric is rather slow and takes about 4-5 months to cover the inter space. Therefore, the available space between the rows of turmeric could be effectively utilized by growing short duration crops like, vegetables, cereals etc. Hence, it is worthwhile to explore the possibilities of growing compatible crops with turmeric. With this background the experiment on effect of intercrops on growth and yield of turmeric was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar. Among the different intercrops, turmeric with cowpea recorded the maximum fresh rhizome yield per hectare (30.78 t ha-1) while turmeric + bhendi registered the maximum B:C ratio (2.68:1). Monocropping of turmeric recorded the lowest B:C ratio (1.67:1) among all the treatments.  

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