Response of Acetolactate Synthase–Resistant Grain Sorghum to Nicosulfuron Plus Rimsulfuron

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shane Hennigh ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Mitchell R. Tuinstra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The lack of POST herbicides to control grasses in grain sorghum prompted researchers to develop acetolactate synthase (ALS)–resistant grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the differential response of ALS-resistant grain sorghum to POST application of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at three growth stages. ALS-resistant grain sorghum was treated with 0, 13 + 7, 26 + 13, 39 + 20, 52 + 26, 65 + 33, 78 + 39, and 91 + 46 g ai ha−1of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron when plants were at the three- to five-leaf, seven- to nine-leaf, or 11- to 13-leaf stage. In general, as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased, visible injury increased at the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages. Injury was greatest 1 wk after treatment for the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages across all ratings, and plants then began to recover. No injury was observed at any rating time for the 11- to 13-leaf stage. Plant height and sorghum grain yield were reduced as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased when applied at the three- to five-leaf stage. However, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at the seven- to nine-leaf and 11- to 13-leaf stages did not decrease sorghum yield. This research indicated that nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron application at the three- to five-leaf stage injured ALS-resistant grain sorghum; however, application at the seven- to nine-leaf or 11- to 13-leaf stages did not result in grain yield reduction.

Varietal Tolerance of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Bromoxynil and Triclopyr at Different Growth Stages

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 968-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Pantone ◽  
John B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Varietal Tolerance ◽  
Different Growth Stages

This study was conducted to determine the tolerance of three cultivars of rice (‘Lemont’, ‘Mars', and ‘Tebonnet’) to bromoxynil and triclopyr. The effects of two rates of application (the labeled rate and twice the labeled rate) at three different growth stages (two- to three-leaf stage, four- to five-leaf stage, and panicle initiation) on percent visible injury rating and percent grain yield reduction of rice were investigated. Percent visible injury ratings for triclopyr averaged across all rates and application times, were 15, 16, and 25% (LSD = 3%) for Tebonnet, Mars, and Lemont, respectively, whereas ratings for bromoxynil were 11, 8, and 7% injury (LSD = 2%). Tebonnet was more tolerant than Lemont to triclopyr with an average percent grain yield reduction, across treatments, of 6% compared with 9% for Mars and 12% for Lemont (LSD = 4%). Bromoxynil did not decrease the average yield of any of the three cultivars.

Response of BAR-Transformed Rice (Oryza sativa) and Red Rice (Oryza sativa) to Glufosinate Application Timing

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujatha Sankula ◽  
Michael P. Braverman ◽  
Steven D. Linscombe
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bar Gene ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Boot Stage

Glufosinate at 2.2 kg ai/ha injured rice transformed with the BAR gene more when applied to one- to two-leaf (23 to 26%) than to three- to four-leaf (13 to 19%) plants. Visible injury was least when applications were made at boot stage (3 to 14%). However, applications at boot stage caused an average grain yield reduction of 16%. Most treatments did not influence rice plant height. Among single applications (0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.1 kg/ha), 1.1 kg/ha glufosinate at three- to four-leaf stage of red rice resulted in greater control (91%) than at panicle initiation (74%) or at boot stage (77%). Injury to red rice was two to 11 times greater than the injury to BAR-transformed rice depending on glufosinate rate and application timing.

scholarly journals Response of grain sorghum to low rates of glufosinate and nicosulfuron

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hunter D. Bowman ◽  
Tom Barber ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Trenton L. Roberts ◽  
Jason Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Proportional Rate ◽  
Factor C

Abstract Previous research has shown that glufosinate and nicosulfuron at low rates can cause yield loss to grain sorghum. However, research has not been conducted to pinpoint the growth stage at which these herbicides are most injurious to grain sorghum. Therefore, field tests were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to determine the most sensitive growth stage for grain sorghum exposure to both glufosinate and nicosulfuron. Field test were designed with factor A being the herbicide applied (glufosinate or nicosulfuron). Factor B consisted of timing of herbicide application including V3, V8, flagleaf, heading, and soft dough stages. Factor C was glufosinate or nicosulfuron rate where a proportional rate of 656 g ai ha−1 of glufosinate and 35 g ai ha−1 of nicosulfuron was applied at 1/10×, 1/50×, and 1/250×. Visible injury, crop canopy heights (cm), and yield were reported as a percent of the nontreated. At the V3 growth stage visible injury of 32% from the 1/10× rate of glufosinate and 51% from the 1/10× rate of nicosulfuron was observed. This injury was reduced by 4 wk after application (WAA) and no yield loss occurred. Nicosulfuron was more injurious than glufosinate at a 1/10× and 1/50× rate when applied at the V8 and flagleaf growth stages resulting in death of the shoot, reduced heading, and yield. Yield losses from the 1/10× rate of nicosulfuron were observed from V8 through early heading and ranged from 41% to 96%. Yield losses from the 1/50× rate of nicosulfuron were 14% to 16% at the flagleaf and V8 growth stages respectively. The 1/10× rate of glufosinate caused 36% visible injury 2 WAA when applied at the flagleaf stage, which resulted in a 16% yield reduction. By 4 WAA visible injury from either herbicide at less than the 1/10× rate was not greater than 4%. Results indicate that injury can occur, but yield losses are more probable from low rates of nicosulfuron at V8 and flagleaf growth stages.

Effect of Flood Timing on Red Rice (Oryzaspp.) Control with Imazethapyr Applied at Different Dry-Seeded Rice Growth Stages

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Avila ◽  
Scott A. Senseman ◽  
Garry N. McCauley ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
John H. O'Barr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Herbicide Treatment

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in Beaumont, TX, to evaluate the effect of flood timing on red rice control with imazethapyr applied at different cultivated rice growth stages. Treatments included flood establishment at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d after postemergence (POST) herbicide treatment (DAT). Imazethapyr was applied preemergence at 70 g ai/ha followed by 70 g/ ha POST when imidazolinone-tolerant rice cultivar ‘CL-161’ had three- to four-leaf stage (EPOST) or five-leaf stage (LPOST). Flood needed to be established within 14 DAT to achieve at least 95% red rice control when imazethapyr was applied EPOST. However, flood needed to be established within 7 DAT to provide at least 95% red rice control when imazethapyr was applied LPOST. Delaying the flood up to 21 DAT reduced rice grain yield for both application timings.

Interference of Three Annual Grasses with Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. Smith ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
J. D. Green ◽  
Wan M. Wanyahaya ◽  
David L. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Wide Row Spacing

Barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, and Texas panicum were evaluated in field experiments over 3 yr to measure their duration of interference and density on grain sorghum yield. When grain yield data were converted to a percentage of the weed-free control, linear regression predicted a 3.6% yield loss for each week of weed interference regardless of year or grass species. Grain sorghum grown in a narrow (61-cm) row spacing was affected little by full-season interference; however, in wide (91-cm) rows, interference increased as grass density increased. Data from the wide-row spacing were described by linear regression following conversion of grain yield to percentages and weed density to log10. A separate nonlinear model also was derived which could predict the effect of weed density on grain sorghum yield.

scholarly journals Sensitivity and Recovery of Grain Sorghum to Simulated Drift Rates of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Paraquat

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Hale ◽  
Taghi Bararpour ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
John Seale ◽  
Bhupinder Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Glyphosate Drift ◽  
Herbicide Drift

A field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the sensitivity and recovery of grain sorghum to the simulated drift of glufosinate, glyphosate, and paraquat at two application timings (V6 and flag leaf growth stage). Paraquat drift caused maximum injury to sorghum plants in both years, whereas the lowest injury was caused by glyphosate in 2017. Averaged over all herbicide treatments, injury to grain sorghum from the simulated herbicide drift was 5% greater when herbicides were applied at flag leaf stage, as compared to herbicide applications at the six-leaf stage in 2017. In 2018, injury from glyphosate drift was higher when applied at the six-leaf stage than at the flag leaf stage. Paraquat and glufosinate drift caused more injury when applied at flag leaf stage than at six-leaf stage at 14 days after application in 2018. About 21% to 29% of injury from the simulated drift of paraquat led to a 31% reduction in grain sorghum yield, as compared to a nontreated check in 2017. The simulated drift of glyphosate and glufosinate did not result in any significant yield reduction compared to the nontreated check in 2017, possibly due to the recovery of sorghum plants after herbicides’ drift application.

Soybean Sensitivity to Florpyrauxifen-benzyl during Reproductive Growth and the Impact on Subsequent Progeny

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ryan Miller ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Structural Class ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo address recent concerns related to auxin herbicide drift onto soybean, a study was developed to understand the susceptibility of the reproductive stage of soybean to a new auxin herbicide compared with dicamba. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is under development as the second herbicide in a new structural class of synthetic auxins, the arylpicolinates. Field studies were conducted to (1) evaluate and compare reproductive soybean injury and yield following applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba across various concentrations and reproductive growth stages and (2) determine whether low-rate applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba to soybean in reproductive stages would have similar effect on the progeny of the affected plants. Soybean were treated with 0, 1/20, or 1/160, of the 1X rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (30 g ai ha−1) or dicamba (560 g ae ha−1) at R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 growth stage. Soybean plant height and yield was reduced from 1/20X dicamba across all reproductive stages. High drift rates (1/20X) of florpyrauxifen-benzyl also reduced soybean plant height >25% and yield across R1 to R4 stages. Germination, stand, plant height, and yield of the offspring of soybean plants treated with dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl were significantly affected. Dicamba applied at a rate of 1/20X at R4 and R5 resulted in 20% and 35% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. A similar reduction occurred from florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at R4 and R5 at the 1/20X rate, resulting in 15% to 24% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. Based on these findings, it is suggested that growers use caution when applying these herbicides in the vicinity of reproductive soybean.

scholarly journals Rate and Timing Effects of Growth Regulating Herbicides Applications on Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Growth and Yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Thierry E. Besançon ◽  
Ranjit Riar ◽  
Ronnie W. Heiniger ◽  
Randy Weisz ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Timing Effects

Dicamba and 2,4-D are among the most common and inexpensive herbicides used to control broadleaf weeds. However, different studies have pointed the risk of crop injury and grain sorghum yield reduction with postemergence applications of 2,4-D. No research data on grain sorghum response to 2,4-D or dicamba exists in the Southeastern United States. Consequently, a study was conducted to investigate crop growth and yield response to 2,4-D (100, 220, and 330 g acid equivalent ha−1) and dicamba (280 g acid equivalent ha−1) applied on 20 to 65 cm tall sorghum. Greater stunting resulted from 2,4-D applied at 330 g acid equivalent ha−1or below 45 cm tall sorghum whereas lodging prevailed with 2,4-D at 330 g acid equivalent ha−1and dicamba applied beyond 35 cm tall crop. Regardless of local environmental conditions, 2,4-D applied up to 35 cm tall did not negatively impact grain yield. There was a trend for yields to be somewhat lower when 2,4-D was applied on 45 or 55 cm tall sorghum whereas application on 65 cm tall sorghum systematically decreased yields. More caution should be taken with dicamba since yield reduction has been reported as early as applications made on 35 cm tall sorghum for a potentially dicamba sensitive cultivar.

Response of wheat to single short-term waterlogging during and after stem elongation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Meyer ◽  
HD Barrs
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Short Term

Transient waterlogging associated with spring irrigations on slowly draining soils causes yield reduction in irrigated wheat. Physiological responses to short-term flooding are not well understood. The aim of this experiment was to monitor above- and below-ground responses of wheat to single waterlogging events during and after stem elongation and to assess the sensitivity of the crop at these growth stages to flooding. Wheat (cv. Bindawarra) was grown in drainage lysimeters of undisturbed cores of Marah clay loam soil. A control treatment (F0) was well-watered throughout the season without surface flooding, while three others were flooded for 96 h at stem elongation (Fl), flag leaf emergence (F2) and anthesis (F3), respectively. Soil water content, soil O2, root length density, leaf and stem growth, apparent photosynthesis (APS), plant nutrient status and grain yield were measured. Soil water content increased and soil O2 levels decreased following flooding; the rate of soil O2 depletion increasing with crop age and root length. Leaf and stem growth and APS increased immediately following flooding, the magnitude of the increases was in the order F1 >F2>F3. A similar order existed in the effect of flooding which decreased the number of roots. Subsequently, leaf and stem growth decreased below that of F0 plants in F1, and briefly in F2. Decreases in APS of treated plants compared to F0 plants appeared to be due to their greater sensitivity to soil water deficit. There was no effect of flooding on grain yield. It is suggested that, while plant sensitivity to flooding decreased with age, flooding at stem elongation had no lasting detrimental effect on yield when post-flood watering was well controlled.

Glyphosate- and acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) control in field pea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alysha T Torbiak ◽  
Robert Blackshaw ◽  
Randall N Brandt ◽  
Bill Hamman ◽  
Charles M. Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
Als Inhibitor

Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is an invasive C4 tumbleweed in the Great Plains of North America, where it impedes crop harvest and causes significant crop yield losses. Rapid evolution and spread of glyphosate- and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor-resistant kochia in western Canada limit the herbicide options available for control of these biotypes in field pea (Pisum sativum L.); one of the predominant pulse crops grown in this region. Field experiments were conducted near Lethbridge, Alberta in 2013-2015 and Coalhurst, Alberta in 2013-2014 to determine which herbicide options effectively control glyphosate- and ALS inhibitor-resistant kochia in field pea. Visible injury of field pea was minor (0-4%) in all environments except for Lethbridge 2013, where pre-plant (PP) flumioxazin and all treatments containing post-emergence (POST) imazamox/bentazon resulted in unacceptable (14-23%) pea visible injury. Herbicide impacts on pea yield were minor overall. Carfentrazone + sulfentrazone PP and saflufenacil PP followed by imazamox/bentazon POST resulted in ≥80% visible control of kochia in all environments, while POST imazamox/bentazon alone resulted in ≥80% reduction in kochia biomass in all environments compared with the untreated control (albeit absent of statistical difference in Coalhurst 2014). These results suggest that layering the protoporhyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides saflufenacil or carfentrazone + sulfentrazone PP with the ALS- and photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide combination imazamox/bentazon POST can effectively control glyphosate- and ALS inhibitor-resistant kochia in field pea while also mitigating further selection for herbicide resistance through the use of multiple effective herbicide modes-of-action.

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