History of knotweed (Fallopia spp.) invasiveness

Abstract Knotweed (Fallopia spp.) is an herbaceous perennial from East Asia that was brought to Europe and North America and, despite control efforts, subsequently spread aggressively on both continents. Data is available on knotweed’s modes of sexual and asexual spread, historical spread, preferred habitat, and ploidy levels. Incomplete information is available on knotweed’s current global geographical distribution and genetic diversity. The chemical composition of knotweed leaves and rhizomes has been partially discovered as related to its ability to inhibit growth and germination of neighboring plant communities via phytochemicals. There is still critical information missing. There are currently no studies detailing knotweed male and female fertility. Specifically, information on pollen viability would be important for further understanding sexual reproduction as a vector of spread in knotweed. This information would help managers determine the potential magnitude of knotweed sexual reproduction and the continued spread of diverse hybrid swarms. The potential range of knotweed and its ability to spread into diverse habitats makes studies on knotweed seed and rhizome cold tolerance of utmost importance, yet to date no such studies have been conducted. There is also a lack of genetic information available on knotweed in the upper Midwest. Detailed genetic information, such as ploidy levels and levels of genetic diversity, would answer many questions about knotweed in Minnesota including understanding its means of spread, what species are present in what densities, and current levels of hybridization. This literature review summarizes current literature on knotweed to better understand its invasiveness and to highlight necessary future research that would benefit and inform knotweed management in the upper Midwest.

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Evolving Patterns of Cryptosporidiosis: Issues and Implications in the Context of Public Health in India

Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1726149 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bijay Ranjan Mirdha

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Recombination ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Transmission Intensity ◽

Future Research ◽

Cryptosporidium Hominis ◽

Host Preferences ◽

Childhood Growth ◽

Life Years

AbstractCryptosporidiosis is one of the major causes of diarrhea in immune-compromised individuals and children besides causing sporadic water-borne, food-borne, and zoonotic outbreaks. In 2016, Cryptosporidium species infection was the fifth leading cause of diarrhea and acute infection causing more than 4.2 million disability-adjusted life years lost besides a decrease in childhood growth. Human cryptosporidiosis is primarily caused by two species/genotype: Cryptosporidium hominis (anthroponotic) and Cryptosporidium parvum (zoonotic) besides other six rare species/genotypes. Transmission intensity, genetic diversity, and occurrence of genetic recombination have shaped the genus Cryptosporidium population structures into palmitic, clonal, and epidemic. Genetic recombination is more in C. parvum compared with C. hominis. Furthermore, parasite–host co-evolution, host adaptation, and geographic segregation have led to the formation of “subtype- families.” Host-adapted subtype-families have distinct geographical distribution and host preferences. Genetic exchanges between subtypes played an important role throughout the evolution of the genus leading to “adaptation introgression” that led to emergence of virulent and hyper-transmissible subtypes. The population structure of C. hominis in India appears to be more complex where both transmission intensity and genetic diversity are much higher. Further, study based on “molecular strain surveillance” has resulted newer insights into the epidemiology and transmission of cryptosporidiosis in India. The identification at the species and genotype levels is essential for the assessment of infection sources in humans and the public health potential of the parasite at large. The results of the study over three decades on cryptosporidiosis in India, in the absence of a national surveillance data, were analyzed highlighting current situation on epidemiology, genetic diversity, and distribution particularly among vulnerable population. Despite creditable efforts, there are still many areas need to be explored; therefore, the intent of this article is to facilitate future research approaches for mitigating the burden associated with this disease.

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Microsatellite markers provide evidence for sexual reproduction of Mycosphaerella graminicola in Saskatchewan

Genome ◽

10.1139/g04-036 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 789-794 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

M Razavi ◽

G R Hughes

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Sexual Reproduction ◽

Primary Source ◽

Mycosphaerella Graminicola ◽

Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽

Septoria Tritici ◽

Allelic Series ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

Wheat Field

This study examined the genetic structure of a Saskatchewan population of Mycosphaerella graminicola, cause of the foliar disease Septoria tritici blotch of wheat. Such knowledge is valuable for understanding the evolutionary potential of this pathogen and for developing control strategies based on host resistance. Nine pairs of single-locus microsatellite primers were used to analyze the genomic DNA of 90 isolates of M. graminicola that were collected using a hierarchical sampling procedure from different locations, leaves, and lesions within a wheat field near Saskatoon. Allelic series at eight different loci were detected. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to five with an average of three alleles per locus. Genetic diversity values ranged from 0.04 to 0.67. Partitioning the total genetic variability into within- and among-location components revealed that 88% of the genetic variability occurred within locations, i.e., within areas of 1 m2, but relatively little variability occurred among locations. Low variability among locations and a high degree of variability within locations would result if the primary source of inoculum was airborne ascospores, which would be dispersed uniformly within the field. This finding was confirmed by gametic disequilibrium analysis and suggests that the sexual reproduction of M. graminicola occurs in Saskatchewan.Key words: Mycosphaerella graminicola, SSR markers, sexual reproduction, genetic diversity.

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Genetic diversity and the population structure at two ploidy levels of Lycoris radiata as revealed by SCoT analysis

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology ◽

10.1016/j.bse.2015.08.003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 106-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yu-Xiang Liu ◽

Tao Xia ◽

Yu-hong Zheng ◽

Yong-qi Zhi ◽

Jian Zhou

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Lycoris Radiata

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Influence of breeding strategy on genetic diversity of individuals

Limnology and Freshwater Biology ◽

10.31951/2658-3518-2021-a-4-1168 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1168-1174

Author(s):

A.A. Poroshina ◽

◽

D.Yu. Sherbakov ◽

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Computer Simulation ◽

Molecular Evolution ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Simulation Model ◽

Sexual Reproduction ◽

Asexual Reproduction ◽

Reproductive Strategy ◽

Breeding Strategy ◽

Computer Simulation Model

Abstract. Using a computer simulation model, we tried to investigate how the transition from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction will affect the population of diploid organisms with a neutral character of molecular evolution. At the same time, special attention was paid to the specificity of microsatellite markers. In this paper, we develop fast and inexpensive methods for assessing the changes in populations that occur with a change in reproductive strategy.

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Population structure of Drosophila suzukii and signals of multiple invasions into the continental United States

10.1101/2021.03.14.435345 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kyle M Lewald ◽

Antoine Abrieux ◽

Derek A Wilson ◽

Yoosook Lee ◽

William R Conner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

The United States ◽

Future Research ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Significant Damage ◽

Wide Range ◽

Multiple Invasions

Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. To improve on previous studies examining genetic structure of D. suzukii, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several representative sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify hundreds of thousands of genetic markers for analysis. We analyzed these markers to detect population structure, to reconstruct migration events, and to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation within and among the continents. We observed strong population structure between West and East Coast populations in the U.S., but no evidence of any population structure North to South, suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to the large differences in regional weather conditions. We also find evidence of repeated migration events from Asia into North America have provided increased levels of genetic diversity, which does not appear to be the case for Brazil or Europe. This large genomic dataset will spur future research into genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.

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Genetic variability and relationship among different accessions of Froriepia subpinata Bail (Gijavash) an endangered medicinal plant from Iran revealed by ISSR and IRAP markers

Advances in Horticultural Science ◽

10.36253/ahsc-8107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abbas Jorkesh ◽

Yousef Hamidoghli ◽

Jamalali Olfati ◽

Habibollah Samizadeh ◽

Davood Bakhshi

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Cluster Analysis ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Genetic Information ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Polymorphic Band ◽

Mean Values ◽

Endangered Medicinal Plant ◽

Irap Markers

The genetic variability of Froriepia subpinata Ledeb. Bail., an endangered Iranian endemic species, has been estimated with a total of 52 accessions using 20 markers including ISSR and IRAP. The results showed the polymorphic band produced by primers was 82.3%. The best mean values of genetic diversity parameters observed in ISSRs markers, being UBC873, UBC811, and UBC873 the best primers tested. The similarity range among accessions was 34.45% to 93.3%. The cluster analysis classified the accessions into five main groups that in totally, accessions with similarity in region generally were clustered in the same group. Overall, present study could provide elementary information for formulation of conservation strategies and invaluable elementary genetic information for next breeding or designing conservation programs.

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Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Indonesia Rodent Tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Cultivars Based on RAPD Marker

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v2i1.133 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Danny Laurent ◽

Nesti F. Sianipar ◽

Chelen _ ◽

Listiarini _ ◽

Ariandana Wantho

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Molecular Markers ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Genetic Distance ◽

Genetic Information ◽

Rapd Marker ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Cancer Agent

Rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme Lodd.) is a plant from Araceae family. The plant has high medical potential as anti-cancer agent. The information regarding Indonesian rodent tuber’s genetic diversity is not available yet. Genetic information is very important for the development of rodent tuber as medicinal plant. In this research, genetic diversity and genetic distance of three Indonesian rodent tuber’s cultivars, from Bogor, Pekalongan, and Medan, were analyzed by using RAPD molecular markers. The data obtained was analyzed by NTsys software. Out of 16 primers used in the study, the 12 primers were found to be polymorphic. There were 83 bands of DNA obtained and 31 of them were polymorphic. Dendogram analysis of the three rodent tuber cultivars showed that these cultivars were clustered into two clusters. The first cluster consists of rodent tuber Bogor and Medan. The second cluster consists of rodent tuber Pekalongan. The coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.81 to 0.87. The highest coefficient of similarity was 0.87, which was detected between rodent tuber Pekalongan and Medan. The lowest coefficient of similarity was 0.81, which was detected between rodent tuber Bogor and Pekalongan. Among these three cultivars of rodent tuber, cultivar Bogor was exclusively different. Keywords: Indonesia-rodent tuber, genetic diversity, RAPD-marker

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Extension of thein vivohaploid induction system from maize to wheat

10.1101/609305 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chenxu Liu ◽

Yu Zhong ◽

Xiaolong Qi ◽

Ming Chen ◽

Zongkai Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pollen Viability ◽

Haploid Induction ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Crop Breeding ◽

Crop Species ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

New Approach ◽

Knock Out ◽

Haploid Production

AbstractDoubled haploid breeding technology has been one of the most important techniques for accelerating crop breeding. In compare toin vivohaploid induction in maize, which is efficient and background independent, wheat haploid production by interspecific hybridization pollinated with maize is influenced by genetic background and requires rescue of young embryos. Here, we analyzed the homologues of maize haploid induction geneMTL/ZmPLA1/NLDin several crop species systematically, the homologues are highly conserved in sorghum, millet and wheat etc. Since wheat is a very important polyploidy crop, as a proof of concept, we demonstrated that thein vivohaploid induction method could be extended from diploid maize to hexaploid wheat by knocking out the wheat homologues (TaPLAs). Result showed that double knock-out mutation could trigger wheat haploid induction at ~ 2%-3%, accompanied by 30% - 60% seed setting rate. The performance of haploid wheat individual showed shorter plant, narrower leaves and male sterile. Our results also revealed that knockout ofTaPLA-A andTaPLA-D do not affect pollen viability. This study not only confirmed the function of the induction gene and explored a new approach for haploid production in wheat, but also provided an example that thein vivohaploid induction could be applied in more crop species with different ploidy levels. Furthermore, by combining with gene editing, it would be a fast and powerful platform for traits improvement in polyploidy crops breeding.

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Genetic diversity and differentiation in reef-buildingMilleporaspecies, as revealed by cross-species amplification of fifteen novel microsatellite loci

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2936 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. e2936 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Caroline E. Dubé ◽

Serge Planes ◽

Yuxiang Zhou ◽

Véronique Berteaux-Lecellier ◽

Emilie Boissin

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Microsatellite Loci ◽

Natural Populations ◽

454 Sequencing ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Null Alleles ◽

Future Research ◽

Significant Linkage ◽

Pacific Species

Quantifying the genetic diversity in natural populations is crucial to address ecological and evolutionary questions. Despite recent advances in whole-genome sequencing, microsatellite markers have remained one of the most powerful tools for a myriad of population genetic approaches. Here, we used the 454 sequencing technique to develop microsatellite loci in the fire coralMillepora platyphylla, an important reef-builder of Indo-Pacific reefs.We tested the cross-species amplification of these loci in five other species of the genusMilleporaand analysed its success in correlation with the genetic distances between species using mitochondrial 16S sequences. We succeeded in discovering fifteen microsatellite loci in our target speciesM. platyphylla,among which twelve were polymorphic with 2–13 alleles and a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.411. Cross-species amplification in the five otherMilleporaspecies revealed a high probability of amplification success (71%) and polymorphism (59%) of the loci. Our results show no evidence of decreased heterozygosity with increasing genetic distance. However, only one locus enabled measures of genetic diversity in the Caribbean speciesM. complanatadue to high proportions of null alleles for most of the microsatellites. This result indicates that our novel markers may only be useful for the Indo-Pacific species ofMillepora.Measures of genetic diversity revealed significant linkage disequilibrium, moderate levels of observed heterozygosity (0.323–0.496) and heterozygote deficiencies for the Indo-Pacific species. The accessibility to new polymorphic microsatellite markers for hydrozoanMilleporaspecies creates new opportunities for future research on processes driving the complexity of their colonisation success on many Indo-Pacific reefs.

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