Too Much an Out-Group? How Nonverbal Cues About Gender and Ethnicity Affect Candidate Support

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Barisione ◽  
Shanto Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Candidate Support ◽  
Physical Features

AbstractPrevious work on nonverbal cues has demonstrated the influence of candidates’ facial displays on voter preferences. However, the idea that visual cues affect political judgment by signaling the relative social solidarity (in-group vs. out-group status) between candidates and voters has received little attention. We fill this gap by experimentally manipulating facial cues associated with the physical features of gender and ethnicity (Afrocentric vs. Eurocentric-looking) and assessing their effects on candidate support in the context of the Italian 2013 general election. The experimental design is based on a CAWI post-election online survey conducted on a representative sample of Italian voters. We find that group differences between candidates and voters matter, but only among right of center voters, who respond more negatively to party candidates expressing “combined” (party x gender x ethnicity) dissimilarity. Gender- and ethnicity-based differences are, on the contrary, “assimilated” and accepted when the target candidate is from the voter's party.

An Assessment of the Cues College Students Interpret From a Sexual Partner to Determine They Are Refusing

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199793
Author(s):  
Tiffany L. Marcantonio ◽  
Danny Valdez ◽  
Kristen N. Jozkowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Sexual Experiences ◽  
Verbal Cues

The purpose of this study was to assess the cues college students use to determine a sexual partner is refusing vaginal-penile sex (i.e., refusal interpretations). As a secondary aim, we explored the influence of item wording ( not willing/non-consent vs refusal) on college students’ self-reported refusal interpretations. A sample of 175 college students from Canada and the United States completed an open-ended online survey where they were randomly assigned to one of two wording conditions ( not willing/non-consent vs refusal); students were then prompted to write about the cues they used to interpret their partner was refusing. An inductive coding procedure was used to analyze open-ended data. Themes included explicit and implicit verbal and nonverbal cues. The refusal condition elicited more explicit and implicit nonverbal cues than the not willing/non-consent condition. Frequency results suggested men reported interpreting more explicit and implicit verbal cues. Women reported interpreting more implicit nonverbal cues from their partner. Our findings reflect prior research and appear in line with traditional gender and sexual scripts. We recommend researchers consider using the word refusal when assessing the cues students interpret from their sexual partners as this wording choice may reflect college students’ sexual experiences more accurately.

scholarly journals Precautionary Behavior Practices and Psychological Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients and Quarantined Persons

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6070
Author(s):  
Yubin Lee ◽  
Byung-Woo Kim ◽  
Shin-Woo Kim ◽  
Hyunjin Son ◽  
Boyoung Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Precautionary Behavior ◽  
Public Health Emergency Preparedness

Background: since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in 2019, South Korea has enforced isolation of patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19, as well as quarantine for close contacts of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 and persons traveling from abroad, in order to contain its spread. Precautionary behavior practices and psychological characteristics of confirmed and quarantined persons were investigated for planning pandemic recovery and preparedness. Methods: this study was conducted with 1716 confirmed patients and quarantined persons in Daegu and Busan, regions where a high number of cases were confirmed during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. We collected online survey data from 23 April to 20 May 2020, in Daegu, and 28 April to 27 May 2020, in Busan, in cooperation with Daegu and Busan Infectious Disease Control Centers and public health centers in the regions. COVID-19 symptoms, pre-cautionary behavior practices, psychological states, and the need for improvement in isolation/quarantine environments were examined using an online survey. Results: compared to patients infected with coronavirus, quarantined persons engaged in more hygiene-related behaviors (e.g., hand washing, cough etiquette, and proper mask-wearing) and social distancing. COVID-19 patients had a strong fear of stigma, while quarantined persons had a strong fear of contracting COVID-19. Study participants responded that it was necessary to provide financial support and adequate information during isolation/quarantine. Conclusions: the study highlights the importance of precautionary behavior to prevent COVID-19 infection and the need to provide support (both psychological and financial) to patients and quarantined persons, to reinforce effective communication, social solidarity, and public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) in a pandemic situation.

scholarly journals Nonverbal Communication in Text-Based, Asynchronous Online Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima Al Tawil
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Study Participants

Does nonverbal communication exist in asynchronous, text-based online education? It is commonly believed that it does not due to the absence of body language and paralanguage. An examination of the definitions and forms of nonverbal cues suggests the possibility for some of them to be transmitted through asynchronous, text-based online human interactions. To explore the presence, type, and potential impact of electronic nonverbal cues (eNVC), I conducted this research using the Exploratory Sequential Mixed-Method Design. Phase 1 constituted the preliminary, qualitative stage of this research, during which participants completed an online questionnaire to identify what actions, if any, could speak louder than words in discussion-based courses. Thematic analysis of the questionnaire answers revealed the potential existence and influence of several eNVC categories. Phase 2 constituted the quantitative stage, and served to validate Phase 1 findings through the data collection and analysis of two versions of an online survey: one for professors and another for learners. The collated research findings confirmed that eNVC exist and communicate messages beyond those sent and received through printed words in the asynchronous, online learning environment. According to study participants, these types of electronic cues contributed to the social and teaching presences, and therefore carried the potential to influence students’ levels of engagement and motivation.  

The Role of Cultural Values in the Folk Psychiatry Explanatory Framework: A Comparison of Chinese- and Euro-Canadians

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-707
Author(s):  
Sylvanna M. Vargas ◽  
Jessica Dere ◽  
Laura Garcia ◽  
Andrew G. Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Chinese Canadian

The Folk Psychiatry (FP) model proposes a process through which people understand mental illness, comprising four dimensions: pathologizing, moralizing, psychologizing, and medicalizing. Cultural group differences have been observed in previous research using part of this model, with one prior study suggesting that adherence to cultural values may partly explain these differences. The current study, therefore, evaluated whether horizontal–vertical and individualism–collectivism values contribute to explaining Chinese-Canadian (CC) versus Euro-Canadian (EC) cultural group differences among the FP dimensions. Undergraduate CC ( n = 252) and EC ( n = 296) students participated in an online survey, in which they read vignettes about a person exhibiting symptomatic behaviors of major depression. They were then asked about their impressions of the person’s behavior, based on FP scales. Our results show that CCs were more likely to pathologize and moralize the behaviors described in our study vignette, whereas ECs were more likely to employ psychologizing explanations. When compared with ECs, CCs were significantly more likely to endorse vertical individualism and vertical collectivism and less likely to endorse horizontal collectivism. There was an indirect effect of cultural group on moralizing through the endorsement of vertical (i.e., hierarchical) values. Our findings suggest that valuing social order and adherence to social norms may partly explain why some people view mental health problems as a personal fault.

scholarly journals Assessing Student Perceptions of a Norwegian University's COVID-19 Response Strategy: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Vande Velde ◽  
Ahmed Hamed ◽  
Joakim Slinning Lange ◽  
Turid Sælid ◽  
Sheri Bastien
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Behavioral Techniques

Aim: This study aims to investigate Norwegian students' perceptions toward a higher education institution (HEI)'s COVID-19 response strategy, differentiating between three behavioral techniques: informing (i. e., email updates about COVID-19), nudging (i.e., visual cues as reminders), and creating novel opportunities (i.e., provision of antibacterial dispensers). In addition, the study assesses to what extent these perceptions are influenced by COVID-19 related psychological factors: risk perception; attitudes toward infection prevention and control (IPC) behaviors; perceived behavior control; institutional trust.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among a student population. The survey was developed to evaluate the HEI's response strategy, and distinct perceptions of COVID-19 and related practices. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to estimate the effect of the psychological factors on the attitude toward different behavioral techniques.Results: Creating novel opportunities was perceived most positively from the students, secondly, informing the students through email updates about COVID-19, finally, reminders through visual cues. Institutional trust presented the largest positive effect on informing the students through email updates, while no effect was measured for reminders. Attitudes toward IPC behaviors showed the strongest effect on students' perceptions of new opportunities and reminders, whereas providing email updates about COVID-19 is less affected by pre-existing perceptions.Conclusions: A host of factors such as institutional trust, and perceptions concerning IPC measures and risk severity, influence students' perceptions of different behavior change techniques. This type of knowledge can contribute to understanding how perceptions can impact acceptance and adoption of specific preventive measures within a pandemic response. An assessment as such may result in more ethical and relevant future efforts.

Face Value: Facial Appearance and Assessments of Politicians

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Carpinella ◽  
Kerri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The facial appearance of political candidates provides information to voters that can be vital to the impression-formation process. Traditionally, psychological research in the field of appearance-based politics has concentrated on investigating whether politicians’ physical appearance impacts perceptions of them. Recently, the focus has shifted from examining whether facial cues matter for impression formation to determining (1) which facial cues matter for voters’ perceptions of politicians and (2) how such visual cues are utilized within the political decision-making process. This shift in research focus has ushered in an appreciation of facial competence and physical attractiveness, and it has been marked by a renewed interest in studying how gender stereotypes impact the influence of politician appearance on perceptions of male and female politicians. In addition, this renewed interest in studying underlying mechanisms in appearance-based politics has spurred on research that includes a broader range of downstream consequences such as evaluations of leadership potential, voting behavior, and even basic political party affiliation categorizations.

Signaling Sizeism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Oswald ◽  
Samantha Stevens ◽  
Mary Kruk ◽  
Catherine Murphy ◽  
Jes Matsick
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Situational Cues ◽  
The People ◽  
Social Identity Threat ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Identity Safety ◽  
Threat Theory

Pervasive stigma against fat people and evidence for its harmful health consequences highlight the need for a better understanding of people’s first-hand experiences of navigating the world with a stigmatized body size. Drawing on social identity threat theory, we conducted a mixed-method study with a qualitative examination of threat and safety cues as experienced by people who self-identify as overweight. In an online survey, 48 people who self-identified as overweight responded to open-ended prompts to describe how situational features of a setting signal weight-based threat and safety to them. Using thematic analysis, we identified several themes that characterized threat and safety cues. Particularly notable were inverse themes, such as structural exclusion versus structural accommodation and homogeneity of others versus general diversity, that highlighted how physical features of, and the people in, an environment positively or negatively impact fat people’s psychological experience. Moreover, we conducted exploratory deductive coding using a recent taxonomy of safety cues developed by Kruk and Matsick (in press). Results highlighted how weight-based stigma parallels and diverges from other cues of identity safety (e.g., by gender or race/ethnicity). We suggest knowledge about situational cues can inform interventions to mitigate threat and promote safety among both fat people and other stigmatized groups.

scholarly journals Treatment with Oral Ondansetron for Ultramarathon-Associated Nausea: The TOO FUN Study

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Pasternak ◽  
David Fiore ◽  
Arthur Islas ◽  
Sarah Toti ◽  
Martin D. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Small Study ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Oral Ondansetron

Nausea and vomiting are common for runners during ultramarathons and often contribute to non-finishes. We aimed to determine the efficacy of ondansetron, a commonly used antiemetic, to treat nausea and vomiting in runners during an ultramarathon. Runners who had a previous history of frequent nausea or vomiting during races and entered in 160, 80, and 55 km ultramarathons in 2018 and 2019 were randomized in a double-blind fashion to 4 mg ondansetron or placebo capsules to use if they developed nausea or vomiting during the race with the ability to take three additional doses. Study participants completed a post-race online survey to assess medication use and efficacy. Of 62 study participants, 31 took either ondansetron (20) or placebo (11). In this small study, there were no group differences in those reporting any improvement in nausea and vomiting (p = 0.26) or in the amount of improvement (p = 0.15). We found no evidence that ondansetron capsules improve nausea and vomiting during ultramarathons.

The Hospital (Not So) Quiet Zone: Creating an Environment for Patient Satisfaction Through Noise Reduction Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Walker ◽  
Cherry A. Karl
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Patient Surveys ◽  
Reduction Strategies

Purpose:To determine whether using existing noise reduction strategies improves patients’ overall satisfaction level during hospitalization on an adult outpatient cardiology unit and to assess whether noise reduction strategies were effective to decrease the ambient noise for both staff and patient environments.Background:Excessive noise is a worldwide problem facing hospitals today. Noise has been proven to be detrimental to staff and patient well-being and hospital environment satisfaction levels.Intervention:Staff noise perception online surveys, a poster presentation, and education of noise reduction strategies were completed. Two 6-week phases of pre- and postimplementation noise reduction strategies were initiated including closing of the doors, verbal and visual alarm reminders for staff, posting quiet signs, and limiting equipment through the unit. Patient telephone interviews regarding the noise environment during hospitalization in both phases and a follow-up staff noise perception online survey were completed.Results:Staff surveys identified noise as an issue on the unit with staff communication (90%) being the main source. This correlated with patient surveys of five rooms closest to the desk considering the unit “noisy.” Post-implementation patient surveys noted that strategies created in helping the unit become “quiet/mostly quiet.” Closing patient doors was most effective in noise reduction, increasing patient unit satisfaction.Conclusion:The use of visual cues and staff education are effective in reducing noise levels. Decreased noise levels improved overall patient satisfaction with their hospital experience and created a less stressful work environment.

Primary and Secondary Exercise Dependence in a Community-Based Sample of Road Race Runners

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 464-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Cook ◽  
Trisha M. Karr ◽  
Christie Zunker ◽  
James E. Mitchell ◽  
Ron Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exercise Dependence ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
Road Race ◽  
Local Road

The purpose of our study was to examine exercise dependence (EXD) in a large community-based sample of runners. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine differences in EXD symptoms between primary and secondary EXD. Our sample included 2660 runners recruited from a local road race (M age = 38.78 years, SD = 10.80; 66.39% women; 91.62% Caucasian) who completed all study measures online within 3 weeks of the race. In this study, EXD prevalence was lower than most previously reported rates (gamma = .248, p < .001) and individuals in the at-risk for EXD category participated in longer distance races, F(8,1) = 14.13, p = .01, partial eta squared = .05. Group differences were found for gender, F(1,1921) 8.08, p = .01, partial eta squared = .004, and primary or secondary group status, F(1,1921) 159.53, p = .01, partial eta squared = .077. Implications of primary and secondary EXD differences and future research are discussed.

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