Specific Drug Formulation Additives: Revealing the Impact of Architecture and Block Length Ratio

Peptides and proteins constitute a large group of molecules that play multiple functions in living organisms. In conjunction with their important role in biological processes and advances in chemical approaches of synthesis, the interest in peptide-based drugs is still growing. As the side chains of amino acids can be basic, acidic, or neutral, the peptide drugs often occur in the form of salts with different counter-ions. This review focuses on the role of counter-ions in peptides. To date, over 60 peptide-based drugs have been approved by the FDA. Based on their area of application, biological activity, and results of preliminary tests they are characterized by different counter-ions. Moreover, the impact of counter-ions on structure, physicochemical properties, and drug formulation is analyzed. Additionally, the application of salts as mobile phase additives in chromatographic analyses and analytical techniques is highlighted.

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Impact of Food and Drink Administration Vehicles on Paediatric Formulation Performance Part 2: Dissolution of Montelukast Sodium and Mesalazine Formulations

AAPS PharmSciTech ◽

10.1208/s12249-020-01815-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

Author(s):

J. Martir ◽

T. Flanagan ◽

J. Mann ◽

Nikoletta Fotaki

Keyword(s):

Drug Formulation ◽

Drug Dissolution ◽

Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽

Dissolution Testing ◽

Drug Bioavailability ◽

Age Appropriate ◽

Direct Administration ◽

The Impact ◽

Paediatric Formulation

Abstract Paediatric medicines are not always age-appropriate, causing problems with dosing, acceptability and adherence. The use of food and drinks as vehicles for medicine co-administration is common practice, yet the impact on drug bioavailability, safety and efficacy remains unaddressed. The aim of this study was to use in vitro dissolution testing, under infant simulating conditions, to evaluate the effect of co-administration with vehicles on the dissolution performance of two poorly soluble paediatric drugs. Dissolution studies of mesalazine and montelukast formulations were conducted with mini-paddle apparatus on a two-stage approach: simulated gastric fluid followed by addition of simulated intestinal fluid. The testing scenarios were designed to reflect daily administration practices: direct administration of formulation; formulation co-administered with food and drinks, both immediately after mixing and 4 h after mixing. Drug dissolution was significantly affected by medicine co-administration with vehicles, compared to the direct administration of formulation. Furthermore, differences were observed on drug dissolution when the formulations were mixed with different vehicles of the same subtype. The time between preparation and testing of the drug-vehicle mixture also impacted dissolution behaviour. Drug dissolution was shown to be significantly affected by the physicochemical properties and composition of the vehicles, drug solubility in each vehicle and drug/formulation characteristics. Ultimately, in this study, we show the potential of age-appropriate in vitro dissolution testing as a useful biopharmaceutical tool for estimating drug dissolution in conditions relevant to the paediatric population. The setup developed has potential to evaluate the impact of medicine co-administration with vehicles on paediatric formulation performance.

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The Impact of Cracks on Different Age of Concrete Small-Sized Hollow Block Masonry

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3303 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 204-208 ◽

pp. 3303-3306

Author(s):

Yin Wang ◽

Zhi Jian Shi ◽

Ya Di Hu

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Field Test ◽

Masonry Structure ◽

Block Length ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Hollow Block ◽

Block Wall ◽

The Impact ◽

Design Factors

In the latter part of concrete small-sized hollow block masonry cracks after using many reasons, including the design factors that are not in place, the material factors, construction factors, climate, natural conditions, factors, etc., in which the age of c concrete small-sized hollow block length of cracks in the masonry of the impact is different. Cracks in the masonry structure will cause adverse effects, affecting the use of construction and durability, this paper field test, to identify non-instars of concrete small-sized hollow block masonry cracks on impact. To reduce or prevent age of concrete hollow block the effects of crack, to strictly control the construction of block wall on the age, age as long as possible, especially in areas influenced by temperature, such as wall, the top wall, should pay attention to blocks of age, in a possible, concrete hollow block age should be greater than 42 days, the best age to block more than 56 days is better.

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Weaknesses in the System of Promoting and Marketing Drugs

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/002204267400400314 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 260-263

Author(s):

James Turner

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Drug Development ◽

Economic Structure ◽

Drug Industry ◽

Specific Drug ◽

The Public ◽

Current Drug ◽

Consumer Organizations ◽

The Impact

Although critical of several specific drug industry practices as being major contributions to the current over-medicated society controversy, Mr. Turner believes that the pharmaceutical industry can work together with consumer organizations and the public sector in resolving these issues. Of particular interest is his observation that the economic structure of current drug development and research prevents the manufacturer from assessing the impact of a drug in terms of necessary health benefits.

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Structural Theories and Race-Specific Drug Arrests: What Structural Factors Account for the Rise in Race-Specific Drug Arrests Over Time?

Crime & Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0011128705276294 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 521-547 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Karen F. Parker ◽

Scott R. Maggard

Keyword(s):

Social Disorganization ◽

Large Body ◽

Specific Drug ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Racial Threat ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

Mixed Support ◽

Drug Arrests ◽

The Impact ◽

Structural Theories

Studies examining the structural correlates of urban crime have generated a large body of research; however, few studies have linked the structural conditions to race-specific drug arrests. In this study, the authors examine the impact of urban disadvantage, social disorganization, and racial threat indicators on the rise in race-specific drug arrests from 1980 to 1990. They find these theoretical perspectives contribute to an understanding of the change in race-specific drug arrests. Findings indicate that shifts in the urban economy significantly affected Black drug arrests, while having no effect on the change in White drug arrests. In addition, the shift away from manufacturing jobs significantly affected Black arrests for drug possession. Consistent with the theory, social disorganization measures proved equally significant for Whites and Blacks, whereas mixed support was found for racial threat arguments. The importance of a theoretically grounded exploration into the rise in racial disparities in drug arrests is highlighted.

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Rheological behaviour of block copolymers in the disordered state: effects of molecular weight and block length ratio

Polymer ◽

10.1016/0032-3861(92)90986-7 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 294-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Chang Dae Han ◽

Deog Man Baek ◽

Jin Kon Kim ◽

Sung Gun Chu

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Block Copolymers ◽

Rheological Behaviour ◽

Length Ratio ◽

Block Length

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Phase Fluctuation Chromatography of Diblock Copolymer of Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(l-lactide) for Fractionation by the Block Length Ratio

Macromolecules ◽

10.1021/ma0101207 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 34 (14) ◽

pp. 4949-4957 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dean Lee ◽

Iwao Teraoka ◽

Tomoko Fujiwara ◽

Yoshiharu Kimura

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Diblock Copolymer ◽

Phase Fluctuation ◽

Length Ratio ◽

Block Length ◽

Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽

Poly Ethylene

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Post-Marketing Experience with an Opioid Nasal Spray for Migraine: Lessons for the Future

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00951.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 89-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E Loder

Keyword(s):

Nasal Spray ◽

Drug Formulation ◽

Opioid Medication ◽

Post Marketing Surveillance ◽

Future Drug ◽

The Usa ◽

Post Marketing ◽

Spray Formulation ◽

The Impact ◽

Limited Scope

In 1992 a nasal spray formulation of butorphanol, an opioid medication intended for pain relief, was marketed in the USA on an unscheduled basis. Only a few years later, amid widespread reports of abuse and dependence, primarily in migraine patients, its manufacturer voluntarily requested the Food and Drug Administration to reschedule the drug as a Schedule IV narcotic. The events surrounding this episode are reviewed, and four problem areas that might have contributed are identified: (i) inadequate review of previous experience with other formulations of butorphanol; (ii) failure to consider the impact of disease state and drug formulation on the risk of adverse events; (iii) the limited scope of clinical trials prior to approval; and (iv) aggressive marketing efforts. The implications of these lessons for future drug development and post-marketing surveillance in the migraine field are considered.

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Microscopic methods in analysis of submicron phospholipid dispersions

Acta Pharmaceutica ◽

10.1515/acph-2016-0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Marcin Płaczek ◽

Magdalena Kosela

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Drug Dosage ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Drug Formulation ◽

Specific Drug ◽

Pharmaceutical Technology ◽

Microscopic Techniques

Abstract Microscopy belongs to the group of tests, used in pharmaceutical technology, that despite the lapse of time and the development of new analytical methods, still remain irreplaceable for the characterization of dispersed drug dosage forms (e.g., suspensions and emulsions). To obtain complete description of a specific drug formulation, such as parenteral colloidal products, a combination of different microscopic techniques is sometimes required. Electron microscopy methods are the most useful ones; however, even such basic methods as optical microscopy may be helpful for determination of some properties of a sample. The publication explicates the most popular microscopical techniques used nowadays for characterization of the morphology of nanoparticles suspended in pharmaceutical formulations; ad vantages and disadvantages of these methods are also discussed. Parenteral submicron formulations containing lecithin or a particular phospholipid were chosen as examples.

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