scholarly journals Selecting Household Water Treatment Options on the Basis of World Health Organization Performance Testing Protocols

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 5043-5051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Bivins ◽  
Nikki Beetsch ◽  
Batsirai Majuru ◽  
Maggie Montgomery ◽  
Trent Sumner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Organization Performance ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Testing Protocols

Microbiological performance of novel household water treatment devices in India

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. P. Bhathena ◽  
S. Shrivastava ◽  
Poonam Londhe ◽  
Joe Brown
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Novel Devices

Commercial innovation of household-scale water treatment (HWT) devices is rapid in India, where unsafe drinking water contributes to the high burden of disease and death associated with diarrhoeal diseases. Performance testing data for novel devices are not publicly available and there has been no systematic attempt to independently verify manufacturer effectiveness claims. We purchased three gravity-driven HWT devices available on the Indian market to evaluate their performance in reducing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan surrogates in the laboratory according to World Health Organization testing protocols. Results indicated that technologies were moderately effective in reducing Escherichia coli (1.6–2.9 log10) and MS2 (1.4–2.8 log10), and less effective against Bacillus subtilis spores (0.73–2.2 log10) and 3 μm microspheres (0.33–0.56 log10), as means over the testing period (750–4,000 l). Effectiveness declined sharply over the duration of testing for each device, suggesting that the manufacturer-specified effective lifespans were overestimated for all devices. Moderate variability was observed across challenge conditions intended to represent actual use conditions, but performance was not significantly different between challenge waters or ambient testing temperature. Our results suggest that these novel devices do not meet international minimum performance recommendations and that manufacturer effectiveness claims are misleading. Further technological innovation and regulation in this sector may serve to protect public health.

Treatment Options in COVID-19: The Role of Bioavailable Antiviral Ribonucleoside Analog on NHC in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities on January 7, 2020 and was provisionally named "2019-nCoV". This new Coronavirus causes a clinical picture which has received now the name COVID-19. The virus has spread subsequently worldwide and was explained on the 11th of March, 2020 by the World Health Organization to the pandemic.

Morphology, composition and performance of a ceramic filter for household water treatment in Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Matthies ◽  
H. Bitter ◽  
N. Deobald ◽  
M. Heinle ◽  
R. Diedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
World Health ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Health Organization

People in rural developing areas often depend on point-of-use water treatment for safe drinking water. A very popular and efficient technology for this is the use of ceramic filters, as promoted by the non-governmental organization Potters for Peace. These filters are already used in many countries worldwide, including Indonesia, where they are manufactured in Bandung, Java by Pelita Indonesia. The filters are made of local clay and combustible material, and coated with silver after firing. However, data available on them are very scarce. The structure, composition, and physico-chemical and microbiological performance of the filter were examined. Pore sizes mostly ranged from 1 to 40 µm and flow rate was about 1.3 L/h. Silver, arsenic and manganese were leaching from the filter in remarkable concentrations. While values for silver were about 0.01–0.02 mg/L, manganese was washed out after a few liters and leaching of arsenic fell below 0.02 mg/L after filtering some liters. With a log reduction of 3–5, efficiency in bacteria reduction was satisfactory in contrast to virus removal which was not sufficient according to the World Health Organization guidelines, with a log reduction below 1.

scholarly journals Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Maingaila Moono Banda ◽  
Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Bioye Ogunjobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (>97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

Microbiological quality of chlorinated water after storage in ceramic pots

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clair Null ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Health Organization

Household water treatment with sodium hypochlorite has been shown to reduce self-reported diarrheal disease in developing countries. Reported hypochlorite use, time since treatment, total chlorine residual (TCR), and E. coli concentration results from 589 household surveys in rural Kenya were analyzed to quantify the effect of exceeding recommended 24 hour post-treatment water storage time in ceramic pots. Exceeding storage time recommendations impacted treatment efficacy, as 87% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing their water ≤ 24 hours met World Health Organization (WHO) E. coli guideline values, compared to 77% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing water >24 hours (p = 0.024) and 7% of reported non-treaters. Implementing organizations face the trade-off between promoting treating water every 24 hours and accepting slightly compromised efficacy.

scholarly journals Laboratory Efficacy and Disinfection by-Product Formation of a Coagulant/Disinfectant Tablet for Point-of-Use Water Treatment

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Légaré-Julien ◽  
Olivier Lemay ◽  
Ulysse Vallée-Godbout ◽  
Christian Bouchard ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate ◽  
Health Organization

Coagulant/disinfection products (CDPs) are a point-of-use (POU) water treatment technique that can improve microbial quality, reduce turbidity, and produce a free chlorine residual (FCR), serving as a potentially effective option for decentralized water treatment in a variety of contexts, including humanitarian emergencies. A novel CDP with a sodium dichloroisocyanurate-based disinfectant was evaluated with regard to its laboratory water treatment efficacy and generation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The CDP water treatment performance was assessed relative to bacteriological (E. coli) humanitarian water quality objectives, World Health Organization recommendations for evaluating POU water treatment options, and available DBP regulations and guidelines. At least 4 log10 E. coli reductions, for a “highly protective” status with regard to bacterial reductions, were attained in the tested conditions. Treated waters were consistently below 10 MPN/100 mL with regard to E. coli concentrations, with the majority of samples showing no detectable E. coli. For most conditions, target FCR values were not attained. Treated water turbidity levels were mostly between 5 NTU and 10 NTU. DBP levels were below the regulatory and health-based targets for both families of DBPs studied. This study has served to identify the performance envelopes of the CDP tested under challenging conditions.

scholarly journals Updates on the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Pediatric Tumors of the Central Nervous System - a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-288
Author(s):  
Maria Margareta Cosnarovici ◽  
Rodica Voichița Cosnarovici ◽  
Doina Piciu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization

Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) represent the main cause of death through solid tumors in children and the second most frequent neoplasm in this patient group. The poor survival rate is due to many factors, such as the large diversity of morphological features, the particular micro-environmental characteristics of the nervous tissue, the relative rareness in relation to other childhood diseases, which leads to late diagnosis and the limited effectiveness of the available treatment options. Up until 2016, brain tumors were classified according to their histologic features. The new 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of CNS tumors incorporates molecular features, alongside the immunohistology, in order to provide a more accurate understanding of the disease. The treatment consists of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. We decided to review the literature on this pathology, in order to show the importance of the recent discoveries in this field.

Removal of microbes to World Health Organization requirements using a locally developed, low cost, micro-porous, ceramic water filter

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Simonis ◽  
A. K. Basson ◽  
T. Selepe
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Health Organization

The quality of drinking water can no longer be taken for granted and has been the subject of tremendous attention from pressure groups and the media due to poor service delivery in South Africa. Furthermore, many of the older water treatment plants are incapable of effectively reducing microbes to safe levels. Unfortunately there are various definitions of ‘safe’. The South African government considers 10 or less viable Cryptosporidium oocysts an infective dose, while the USA and UK governments believe that one viable Cryptosporidium oocyst is an infective dose. To add to the confusion the World Health Organization recommends above 99.99% microbial reduction as safe. In Africa it really depends on how compromised your immune system is and age and nutritional level at the time of consumption of contaminated water. How can anyone protect themselves from consuming water contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms? The ceramic filter offers the poor a simple, effective and economical way of producing potable water. We report on the successful testing of a low-cost, locally produced ceramic filter (OUTBAC) with removal efficiencies in excess of 99.99% that therefore meets the World Health Organization household water treatment system criterion for safe water for a family of five at an affordable cost per year.

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