Source Water Characteristics and Building-specific Factors Influence Corrosion and Point of Use Water Quality in a Decentralized Arctic Drinking Water System

Drinking water samples were collected from the water source, water delivery truck, domestic water storage tanks, and at the point of use in a decentralized drinking water system in Pond Inlet, Nunavut, a predominantly Inuit community in Canada's Arctic region.

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Comparing health outcomes and point-of-use water quality in two rural indigenous communities of Baja California, Mexico before and after receiving new potable water infrastructure

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2014.141 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 672-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paula Stigler-Granados ◽

Penelope J. E. Quintana ◽

Richard Gersberg ◽

María Luisa Zúñiga ◽

Thomas Novotny

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Baja California ◽

Indigenous Communities ◽

Gastrointestinal Illness ◽

Source Water ◽

Water Infrastructure ◽

Safe Water ◽

Point Of Use ◽

Before And After

One of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals is to reduce the global proportion of people who do not have access to safe drinking water. In the past, the typical strategy to reach this goal has been the use of investment-intensive centralized infrastructure development for water supplies. However, there is increasing evidence suggesting that improving water quality at the source does not guarantee safe water at point-of-use. This study examined water quality, waterborne disease incidence and water system use over time in two small rural indigenous communities of Baja California, Mexico, before and after drinking-water infrastructure improvements. Community Promotoras collected data on the incidence of gastrointestinal illness through face-to-face surveys. Concurrently, water samples from the old and new water sources and household water storage containers were analyzed for fecal coliforms. Although source water quality was significantly improved in both communities (p < 0.05), neither community had a significant decrease in the level of contaminated drinking water sampled at the household level. No significant decrease in gastrointestinal illness was found after the improvements to the source water supply. These results indicate that point-of-use contamination and acceptance of the new sources may be a critical point for intervention when attempting to assure access to safe water, especially in rural communities.

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An experimental study on the influence of water stagnation and temperature change on water quality in a full-scale domestic drinking water system

Water Research ◽

10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.019 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 123 ◽

pp. 761-772 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Lj. Zlatanović ◽

J.P. van der Hoek ◽

J.H.G. Vreeburg

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Experimental Study ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Temperature Change ◽

Water System ◽

Full Scale ◽

Drinking Water System ◽

Influence Of Water

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Microbial Community Structure and Diversity in Drinking Water Supply, Distribution Systems as well as Household Point of use Site in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-215835/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bayable Atanfu ◽

Adey Desta ◽

Fassil Assefa

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Community Structure ◽

Water Supply ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Drinking Water Quality ◽

Source Water ◽

Intermittent Water Supply ◽

Point Of Use ◽

Long Time

Abstract Understanding ecology of microbiomes in drinking water distribution systems is the most important notion in delivering safe drinking water. Despite cultivation-based methods routinely employed in monitoring drinking water quality, cultivation of specific indicator organisms alone is not always guarantee for assuring safe drinking water delivery. The presence of complex microbiomes in drinking water distribution systems affects treatment effectiveness leading to poor quality water which as a result affects health of human and animals. Drinking water treatment and distribution systems harbor various microbiota despite efforts made in improving water infrastructures and several waterborne diseases become serious problems in the water industry, specially, in developing Countries. Intermittent water supply, long-time of water storage, low water pressure in distribution systems, storage tankers and pipes as well as contaminated source water are among many of the factors responsible for low drinking water quality which in turn affecting health of people. The aim of this study was to explore microbial diversity and structure in water samples collected from source water, treated water, reservoirs, and several household points of use locations (taps). High throughput Illumina sequencing technology was employed by targeting V4 region of 16S rRNA following Illumina protocol to analyze the community structure of bacteria. The core dominating taxa were Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Gamma proteobacteria were dominant among other Proteobacterial classes across all sampling points. Opportunistic bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Legionella, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Actinobacteria, as well as eukaryotic microbes like Cryptosporidium, Hartmanella, Acanthamoeba, Aspergillus, and Candida were also the abundant taxa found along the distribution systems. The shift in microbial community structure from source to point of use locations were influenced by factors such as residual free chlorine, intermittent water supply and long-time storage at the household. The shift in microbial community structure from source to point of use locations were influenced by factors such as residual free chlorine, intermittent water supply and long-time storage at the household. The complex microbiota which was present in different sample sites receiving treated water from the two treatment plants (Legedadi and Gefersa) starting from source water to household point of consumption across the distribution systems in Addis Ababa brings drinking water quality problem which further causes significant health problems to both human and animal health. Treatment ineffectiveness, disinfection inefficiency, poor maintenance actions, leakage of sewage and other domestic wastes are few among many other factors responsible for degraded drinking water quality in this study putting health at high risk which, this, leads to morbidity and mortality. Findings of this research provide important and bassline information to understand the microbial profiles of drinking water along source water and distribution systems.

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ControllingLegionellain Hospital Drinking Water: An Evidence-Based Review of Disinfection Methods

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/657934 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 166-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Yusen E. Lin ◽

Janet E. Stout ◽

Victor L. Yu

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water System ◽

Preventive Measure ◽

Laboratory Assessment ◽

Disinfection Methods ◽

Point Of Use ◽

Drinking Water System ◽

Infection Control Practitioner ◽

Legionnaires Disease ◽

Hospital Acquired

Hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease is directly linked to the presence ofLegionellain hospital drinking water. Disinfecting the drinking water system is an effective preventive measure. The efficacy of any disinfection measures should be validated in a stepwise fashion from laboratory assessment to a controlled multiple-hospital evaluation over a prolonged period of time. In this review, we evaluate systemic disinfection methods (copper-silver ionization, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ultraviolet light, and hyperchlorination), a focal disinfection method (point-of-use filtration), and short-term disinfection methods in outbreak situations (superheat-and-flush with or without hyperchlorination). The infection control practitioner should take the lead in selection of the disinfection system and the vendor. Formal appraisals by other hospitals with experience of the system under consideration is indicated. Routine performance of surveillance cultures of drinking water to detectLegionellaand monitoring of disinfectant concentrations are necessary to ensure long-term efficacy.

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Profiling chlorine residuals using DPD and amperometric field test kits in a chlorinated small drinking water system with ammonia present in source water

Environmental Health Review ◽

10.5864/d2018-011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 39-49

Author(s):

Sunil Beeharry ◽

Simon Sihota ◽

Chris Kelly

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Field Test ◽

Water System ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Source Water ◽

Small Water ◽

Test Kit ◽

Drinking Water System ◽

Small Water Systems

Effective chlorine residual monitoring of water treatment systems that have ammonia in the raw source water is crucial to ensure adequate disinfection. Understanding the limitations related to monitoring chlorine in these systems is important to help reduce risk from microbiological hazards. The presence of ammonia and the resulting chlorine demand can be very challenging to address in drinking water treatment, especially for small water systems. This study profiles a number of situations where erratic chlorine dosing, operational, and testing conditions create a false-positive free available chlorine result. This study identified that the field test kit using amperometric testing methodology is superior to the traditional DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine) tests in a water system that has the presence of ammonia with erratic chlorine dosage.

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Overlooked legacies: Climate vulnerability and risk as incrementally constructed in the municipal drinking water system of Lima, Peru (1578–2017)

Geoforum ◽

10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.02.016 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Martha G. Bell

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water System ◽

Drinking Water System ◽

Climate Vulnerability

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Assessing clarity of message communication for mandated USEPA drinking water quality reports

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2015.134 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 223-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katherine Phetxumphou ◽

Siddhartha Roy ◽

Brenda M. Davy ◽

Paul A. Estabrooks ◽

Wen You ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Water System ◽

System Size ◽

The United States ◽

National Sample ◽

Evaluation Tool ◽

Index Index ◽

State Of The Science

The United States Environmental Protection Agency mandates that community water systems (CWSs), or drinking water utilities, provide annual consumer confidence reports (CCRs) reporting on water quality, compliance with regulations, source water, and consumer education. While certain report formats are prescribed, there are no criteria ensuring that consumers understand messages in these reports. To assess clarity of message, trained raters evaluated a national sample of 30 CCRs using the Centers for Disease Control Clear Communication Index (Index) indices: (1) Main Message/Call to Action; (2) Language; (3) Information Design; (4) State of the Science; (5) Behavioral Recommendations; (6) Numbers; and (7) Risk. Communication materials are considered qualifying if they achieve a 90% Index score. Overall mean score across CCRs was 50 ± 14% and none scored 90% or higher. CCRs did not differ significantly by water system size. State of the Science (3 ± 15%) and Behavioral Recommendations (77 ± 36%) indices were the lowest and highest, respectively. Only 63% of CCRs explicitly stated if the water was safe to drink according to federal and state standards and regulations. None of the CCRs had passing Index scores, signaling that CWSs are not effectively communicating with their consumers; thus, the Index can serve as an evaluation tool for CCR effectiveness and a guide to improve water quality communications.

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