Carbonyl Cytotoxicity Affects Plant Cellular Processes and Detoxifying Enzymes Scavenge These Compounds to Improve Stress Tolerance

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (23) ◽  
pp. 6237-6247
Author(s):  
Vemanna S. Ramu ◽  
V. Preethi ◽  
K. N. Nisarga ◽  
Kinshuk R. Srivastava ◽  
M. S. Sheshshayee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Cellular Processes

scholarly journals Ethylene: A Master Regulator of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Plants

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyazuddin Riyazuddin ◽  
Radhika Verma ◽  
Kalpita Singh ◽  
Nisha Nisha ◽  
Monika Keisham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Salinity Stress Tolerance

Salinity stress is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity across the globe. Research in the past three decades, therefore, has focused on analyzing the effects of salinity stress on the plants. Evidence gathered over the years supports the role of ethylene as a key regulator of salinity stress tolerance in plants. This gaseous plant hormone regulates many vital cellular processes starting from seed germination to photosynthesis for maintaining the plants’ growth and yield under salinity stress. Ethylene modulates salinity stress responses largely via maintaining the homeostasis of Na+/K+, nutrients, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inducing antioxidant defense in addition to elevating the assimilation of nitrates and sulfates. Moreover, a cross-talk of ethylene signaling with other phytohormones has also been observed, which collectively regulate the salinity stress responses in plants. The present review provides a comprehensive update on the prospects of ethylene signaling and its cross-talk with other phytohormones to regulate salinity stress tolerance in plants.

Current and emerging tools of computational biology to improve the detoxification of mycotoxins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Sandlin ◽  
Darius Russell Kish ◽  
John Kim ◽  
Marco Zaccaria ◽  
Babak Momeni
Keyword(s):  
Computational Biology ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Biological Organisms

Biological organisms carry a rich potential for removing toxins from our environment, but identifying suitable candidates and improving them remain challenging. We explore the use of computational tools to discover strains and enzymes that detoxify harmful compounds. In particular, we will focus on mycotoxins—fungi-produced toxins that contaminate food and feed—and biological enzymes that are capable of rendering them less harmful. We discuss the use of established and novel computational tools to complement existing empirical data in three directions: discovering the prospect of detoxification among underexplored organisms, finding important cellular processes that contribute to detoxification, and improving the performance of detoxifying enzymes. We hope to create a synergistic conversation between researchers in computational biology and those in the bioremediation field. We showcase open bioremediation questions where computational researchers can contribute and highlight relevant existing and emerging computational tools that could benefit bioremediation researchers.

Enhanced cytosolic NADP-ME2 activity in A. thaliana affects plant development, stress tolerance and specific diurnal and nocturnal cellular processes

Plant Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana B. Badia ◽  
Cintia L. Arias ◽  
Marcos A. Tronconi ◽  
Verónica G. Maurino ◽  
Carlos S. Andreo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Cellular Processes

scholarly journals Mitochondrial ATP Synthase Subunit d, a Component of the Peripheral Stalk, is Essential for Growth and Heat Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianxiang Liu ◽  
Jesse Arsenault ◽  
Elizabeth Vierling ◽  
Minsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Peripheral Stalk ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Mitochondrial Atp Synthase ◽  
Heat Stress Tolerance

SUMMARYAs rapid changes in climate threaten global crop yields, an understanding of plant heat stress tolerance is increasingly relevant. Heat stress tolerance involves the coordinated action of many cellular processes and is particularly energy demanding. We acquired a knockout mutant and generated knockdown lines in Arabidopsis thaliana of the d subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase (gene name: ATPQ, AT3G52300, referred to hereafter as ATPd), a subunit of the peripheral stalk, and used these to investigate the phenotypic significance of this subunit in normal growth and heat stress tolerance. Homozygous knockout mutants for ATPd could not be obtained due to gametophytic defects, while heterozygotes possess no visible phenotype. Therefore, we used RNAi to create knockdown plant lines for further studies. Proteomic analysis and blue native gels revealed that ATPd downregulation impairs only subunits of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (complex V of the electron transport chain). Knockdown plants were more sensitive to heat stress, had abnormal leaf morphology, and were severely slow growing compared to wild type. These results indicate that ATPd plays a crucial role in proper function of the mitochondrial ATP synthase holoenzyme, which, when reduced, leads to wide-ranging defects in energy-demanding cellular processes. In knockdown plants, more hydrogen peroxide accumulated and mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes were activated. These data establish the essential structural role of ATPd and provide new information about complex V assembly and quality control, as well as support the importance of mitochondrial respiration in normal plant growth and heat stress tolerance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe energy converter, mitochondrial ATP synthase, is critical for all organisms, but the functional importance of ATP synthase subunit d remains largely unknown in plants. We demonstrate the contributions of subunit d to plant growth, development, and heat stress tolerance, as well as to ATP synthase stability, ROS signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction regulation.

vitreal cells and specialized phagocytes in the chick embryo retina: A TEM and SEM study

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
M.A. Cuadros ◽  
M.J. Martinez-Guerrero ◽  
A. Rios
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Free Cells

In the chick embryo retina (days 3-4 of incubation), coinciding with an increase in cell death, specialized phagocytes characterized by intense acid phosphatase activity have been described. In these preparations, all free cells in the vitreal humor (vitreal cells) were strongly labeled. Conventional TEM and SEM techniques were used to characterize them and attempt to determine their relationship with retinal phagocytes.Two types of vitreal cells were distinguished. The first are located at some distance from the basement membrane of the neuroepithelium, and are rounded, with numerous vacuoles and thin cytoplasmic prolongations. Images of exo- and or endocytosis were frequent; the cells showed a well-developed Golgi apparatus (Fig. 1) In SEM images, the cells was covered with short cellular processes (Fig. 3). Cells lying parallel to or alongside the basement membrane are elongated. The plasma membrane is frequently in intimate contact with the basement membrane. These cells have generally a large cytoplasmic expansion (Fig. 5).

E3 ubiquitin ligases

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen C. Ardley ◽  
Philip A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Protein Ubiquitination ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

The selectivity of the ubiquitin–26 S proteasome system (UPS) for a particular substrate protein relies on the interaction between a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2, of which a cell contains relatively few) and a ubiquitin–protein ligase (E3, of which there are possibly hundreds). Post-translational modifications of the protein substrate, such as phosphorylation or hydroxylation, are often required prior to its selection. In this way, the precise spatio-temporal targeting and degradation of a given substrate can be achieved. The E3s are a large, diverse group of proteins, characterized by one of several defining motifs. These include a HECT (homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus), RING (really interesting new gene) or U-box (a modified RING motif without the full complement of Zn2+-binding ligands) domain. Whereas HECT E3s have a direct role in catalysis during ubiquitination, RING and U-box E3s facilitate protein ubiquitination. These latter two E3 types act as adaptor-like molecules. They bring an E2 and a substrate into sufficiently close proximity to promote the substrate's ubiquitination. Although many RING-type E3s, such as MDM2 (murine double minute clone 2 oncoprotein) and c-Cbl, can apparently act alone, others are found as components of much larger multi-protein complexes, such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Taken together, these multifaceted properties and interactions enable E3s to provide a powerful, and specific, mechanism for protein clearance within all cells of eukaryotic organisms. The importance of E3s is highlighted by the number of normal cellular processes they regulate, and the number of diseases associated with their loss of function or inappropriate targeting.

Module 7: Cellular Processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. csb0001007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Berridge
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Processes

Investigating stress tolerance as a predictor of multitasking performance

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted B. Kinney ◽  
Mei-Chuan Kung ◽  
Kathleen M. Meckley ◽  
Kristin M. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance

Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPK) in Abiotic Stress Tolerance

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant B Kardile ◽  
◽  
Vikrant ◽  
Nirmal Kant Sharma ◽  
Ankita Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases
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