Vitamin Intake of 3- to 36-Month-Old German Infants and Children – Results of the DONALD-Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexy ◽  
Kersting ◽  
Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Manz ◽  
Schöch
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Diet Records ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Infants and young children are a vulnerable group with regard to nutrition. However, there is a lack of information about the dietary composition of healthy German infants and children. Therefore, the intake of vitamins (A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, folate, niacin) was assessed in 354 healthy German infants and children aged 3 to 36 months from 3-day-weighed diet records and compared with German, European and US reference values. Intake of all B-vitamins (B1, B2, B6, folate, niacin) increased during the first 3 years of life, whereas intake of vitamin E decreased. Intake of vitamin A and C varied between age groups. The highest levels of the nutrient densities of most vitamins were found at the end of the first year of life. Depending on the reference values chosen, the vitamin supply of the study population ranged between sufficient and very good. The reported satisfactory intake of vitamins in infants and young children in this study gives rise to the question of whether the current extent of fortification of commercial infant food in Germany is necessary.

Real-Ear-to-Coupler Difference Predictions as a Function of Age for Two Coupling Procedures

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (08) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene P. Bagatto ◽  
Susan D. Scollie ◽  
Richard C. Seewald ◽  
K. Shane Moodie ◽  
Brenda M. Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The predicted real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD) values currently used in pediatric hearing instrument prescription methods are based on 12-month age range categories and were derived from measures using standard acoustic immittance probe tips. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to develop normative RECD predicted values for foam/acoustic immittance tips and custom earmolds across the age continuum. To this end, RECD data were collected on 392 infants and children (141 with acoustic immittance tips, 251 with earmolds) to develop normative regression equations for use in deriving continuous age predictions of RECDs for foam/acoustic immittance tips and earmolds. Owing to the substantial between-subject variability observed in the data, the predictive equations of RECDs by age (in months) resulted in only gross estimates of RECD values (i.e., within ± 4.4 dB for 95% of acoustic immittance tip measures; within ± 5.4 dB in 95% of measures with custom ear molds) across frequency. Thus, it is concluded that the estimates derived from this study should not be used to replace the more precise individual RECD measurements. Relative to previously available normative RECD values for infants and young children, however, the estimates derived through this study provide somewhat more accurate predicted values for use under those circumstances for which individual RECD measurements cannot be made.

Assessment of Clinicopathological Features in Infants and Children with Cow�s Milk Protein Allergy

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3573-3576
Author(s):  
Ileana Puiu ◽  
Elena Catalina Bica ◽  
Venera Cristina Dinescu ◽  
Otilia Constantina Rogoveanu ◽  
Alexandra Oltea Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Clinicopathological Features ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Status ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features in infants and young children with cow�s milk protein allergy. Cow�s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergy in children. Thus, we conducted a descriptive observational study, which was carried out in the First Pediatric Clinic of the Craiova County Emergency Clinical Hospital, in the period 2015-2017, which included 138 infants and young children diagnosed with cow�s milk protein allergy. An improvement in digestive symptomatology during the status period of the disease was observed, especially in what diarrheal stools are concerned as their incidence has decreased. In fact, gastroesophageal reflux is the most common manifestation in infants and children with CMPA, while mean acute otitis is present only in a small number of patients. In conclusion we can say that a good knowledge of the clinicopathological features in children with allergy to cow�s milk proteins allows a superior therapeutic attitude and ensures a normal life for children and infants suffering from this type of allergy.

scholarly journals Context-specific complementary feeding recommendations developed using Optifood could improve the diets of breast-fed infants and young children from diverse livelihood groups in northern Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Vossenaar ◽  
Frances A Knight ◽  
Alison Tumilowicz ◽  
Christine Hotz ◽  
Peter Chege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Northern Kenya ◽  
Pastoralist Communities ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Infants And Young Children

AbstractObjectiveTo formulate age- and context-specific complementary feeding recommendations (CFR) for infants and young children (IYC) and to compare the potential of filling population-level nutrient gaps using common sets of CFR across age groups.DesignLinear programming was used to develop CFR using locally available and acceptable foods based on livelihood- and age-group-specific dietary patterns observed through 24 h dietary recalls. Within each livelihood group, the nutrient potential of age-group-specific v. consolidated CFR across the three age groups was tested.SettingThree food-insecure counties in northern Kenya; namely, settled communities from Isiolo (n 300), pastoralist communities from Marsabit (n 283) and agro-pastoralist communities from Turkana (n 299).SubjectsBreast-fed IYC aged 6–23 months (n 882).ResultsAge-specific CFR could achieve adequacy for seven to nine of eleven modelled micronutrients, except among 12–23-month-old children in agro-pastoralist communities. Contribution of Fe, Zn and niacin remained low for most groups, and thiamin, vitamin B6 and folate for some groups. Age-group-consolidated CFR could not reach the same level of nutrient adequacy as age-specific sets among the settled and pastoralist communities.ConclusionsContext- and age-specific CFR could ensure adequate levels of more modelled nutrients among settled and pastoralist IYC than among agro-pastoralist communities where use of nutrient-dense foods was limited. Adequacy of all eleven modelled micronutrients was not achievable and additional approaches to ensure adequate diets are required. Consolidated messages should be easier to implement as part of a behaviour change strategy; however, they would likely not achieve the same improvements in population-level dietary adequacy as age-specific CFR.

scholarly journals A retrospective study of electroencephalogram parameters during general anaesthesia in infants and young children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengzheng Gao ◽  
Jianmin Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxue Wang ◽  
Mengnan Yao ◽  
Lan Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Young Children ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Burst Suppression ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Abstract Background This retrospective study describes electroencephalogram (EEG) parameters in infants and young children under general anaesthesia. The study’s primary objective was to detect determinants of patient state index (PSI) levels. Methods We analysed EEG parameters in patients aged 1–36 months who received sevoflurane or propofol as the primary anaesthetic in Beijing Children’s Hospital from September 1, 2019, to April 30, 2020. Patients were stratified into two age groups: 1–12 and 13–36 months. The relationship between EEG parameters and clinical parameters was analysed by multivariable linear regression. Results Sixty-two patients were involved in the final analysis, including 35 boys and 27 girls. Average patient age and weight were 14.5 (5.8–24.0) months and 9.9 (8.0–12) kg, respectively. Spectral edge frequency (SEF), PSI and blood pressure were lower (p < 0.001) and burst suppression rate (BSR) and heart rate higher (p < 0.001) at the age of 1–12 months under general anaesthesia. The most significant factor associated with higher levels of PSI was a higher SEF at the age of 1–36 months (1–12 months p = 0.001; 13–26 months p < 0.001); burst suppression occurrence decreased the PSI level (p = 0.031). Older age or higher blood pressure increased PSI levels in children under 1 year old (p = 0.028 and p = 0.002). Conclusions SEF was the most significant determinant associated with PSI levels in infants and young children during general anaesthesia, and burst suppression occurrence decreases the PSI level. Moreover, age and blood pressure might affect PSI levels in infants.

scholarly journals Incidence of atrial septal defects in children attended the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia during January 2016 to December 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdu Hassen Musa ◽  
Mekbeb Afework ◽  
Mohammed Bedru ◽  
Shibikom Tamirat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Surgical Closure ◽  
Septal Defects ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Echocardiographic Findings ◽  
Cardiac Center ◽  
Infants And Young Children

AbstractBackgroundAlthough it appears that an atrial septal defect (ASD) occurs frequently in Ethiopia there are only a few published studies available so far on this matter. This study is therefore aimed to evaluate the prevalence and echocardiographic characteristics of ASDs in children (aged ≤ 15 years) attended a cardiac referral center in Ethiopia.MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed the sociodemographic data and the initial echocardiographic findings of the children with ASDs who were diagnosed at the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia (CCE), Addis Ababa, from January 2016 to December 2018.ResultsA total of 116 children (56.9% females and 43.1% males) with a mean age of 3.47± 3.72 years (range: 15 days to 15 years) were diagnosed with ASDs. The most prevalent age groups were infancy (50%) and early childhood (29.3%). All the studied cases were diagnosed with ostium secundum ASD while there were no cases with ostium primum, sinus venosus and coronary sinus defects. The most frequent ostium secundum ASD was large size (61.2%) and was more frequent in infants (23.3%) and young children (21.6% of all cases).ConclusionOstium secundum ASD is the most prevalent IAS defect and more common among female cases. Large size ostium secundum ASD is more frequent in the studied children and is more prevalent in infants and young children. This survey may provide data for the currently lacking statistics on ASDs at the CCE and might be helpful for the management and follow-up of children with ASDs. Scheduled follow-up and intervention studies are required to evaluate the incidence and patterns of spontaneous and surgical closure of ASD and their outcomes.

COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY OF DETECTION OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI, SALMONELLA AND SHIGELLA IN RECTAL SWAB CULTURES FROM INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-423
Author(s):  
Merlin L. Cooper ◽  
Helen M. Keller ◽  
Edward W. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
First Year ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The present report supplies the details and results of a study of 2,865 patients during a period of 2 years, March 1, 1954, to March 1, 1956. The purpose of the study was to determine the comparative frequency of isolation of Salmonella, Shigella and nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli from rectal swab cultures obtained from infants and young children admitted to the Children's Hospital. The technic for the isolation and identification of enteropathogenic E. coli is described. A diagnostic polyvalent E. coli antiserum prepared in our laboratory was very helpful in the preliminary detection of nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli. Salmonellae were isolated from 85 patients, Shigellae from 88 and one of the nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli from each of 188 patients. Seventeen serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from 85 patients. Salmonella sp. (Type oranienburg) and Sal. typhimurium were isolated most frequently. Shigellae were isolated from a total of 88 patients; Sh. sonnei from 53 and five serotypes of Sh. flexneri from 35 patients. One of the nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli was isolated from each of 188 patients. E. coli 055:B5 was detected in cultures from 63 patients and was detected most frequently. E. coli 0111:B4, 0126:B16 and 026:B6 were found next most frequently. Of the 361 patients from whom Salmonella, Shigella or enteropathogenic E. coli were isolated, rectal swab cultures were obtained at the time of admission from 317. Of these, 287 (91%) were positive. The incidence of diarrhea in the three groups was comparable: 95% of the patients from whom Salmonellae were isolated, 98% of patients from whom Shigellae were isolated and 92% of patients harboring enteropathogenic E. coli. Infections due to Salmonella or enteropathogenic E. coli were more frequent in the first year of life and infections due to Shigella occurred more frequently in the second year of life. The majority of patients with diarrhea and with rectal swab cultures negative for Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic E. coli were in the first year of life. The incidence of Salmonella infections did not show any seasonal predominance; the Shigella infections were most frequent in September and October and the enteropathogenic E. coli infections in November and October. The highest incidence of diarrheal infections among patients whose rectal swab cultures were negative for these three groups of bacteria occurred in December and January of each of the 2 years of this study. The incidence of enteropathogenic E. coli infections exceeded those due to Shigella or Salmonella during 15 of the 24 months of this study. Sporadic infections due to these three groups of bacteria occurred throughout the 2-year period. Successive and/or multiple infections with Salmonella, Shigella or enteropathogenic E. coli occurred in 15 paients. Infection with one serotype of enteropathogenic E. coli did not protect seven patients from subsequent infection with another serotype. The convalescent carrier rate was 36.6% for the patients with Salmonella infections, 2.6% for those with Shigella infections and 8.3% for those from whom enteropathogenic E. coli had been isolated. The mortality rate was 1.2% among patients with Salmonella infections and 1.6% among the patients from whom enteropathogenic E. coli had been isolated. None of the patients with Shigella infections died. The large number of patients, 889, with diarrhea and with rectal swab cultures negative for Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic E. coli indicates a need for continued investigation into the etiology of diarrhea in infants and young children.

Needles for Percutaneous Renal Biopsy in Infants and Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
Jack Metcoff
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Renal Biopsy ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
Biopsy Needle ◽  
Percutaneous Renal Biopsy ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The thin musculature and relatively small kidneys of infants and young children do not readily accommodate the rather heavy percutaneous renal biopsy needle with its large, projecting, cutting blades, which has been used with relative safety and success in adults. For use in children, the reduction in length of the adult-type needle usually is accomplished by shortening the length of the shaft. This is done by removing a segment at the end opposite to the cutting blades, without diminishing the projection of these blades. The weight of the Franklin-Silverman small version, commercially available, is about 17 gm. The cutting blades project about 22 mm.

Calf Blood Pressure: Clinical Implications and Correlations With Arm Blood Pressure in Infants and Young Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
Michael S. Crapanzano ◽  
William B. Strong ◽  
Ingrid R. Newman ◽  
R. Lester Hixon ◽  
Devarra Casal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Coarctation Of The Aorta ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Oscillometric Device ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Objective. Indirect measurement of lower extremity blood pressure is often used in the clinical setting, although normative data after the newborn period are not readily available. Methods. Indirect blood pressure (BP) measurement was obtained in the right arms and right calves of 148 healthy infants and young children 2 weeks to 3 years of age. All measurements were made using an oscillometric device. The infants and children were quiet or asleep and in the supine position. A BP cuff of proper size was chosen. Three measurements were made in both extremities; the average of the second and third measurements was used for all analyses. Results. Age correlated better with calf systolic blood pressure (SBPc) than with arm SBP (SBPa) (r = .52 vs .17). Calf diastolic blood pressure (DBPc) and calf mean blood pressure (MBPc) correlated moderately poorly with age (r = .37 and .39, respectively). There was no order effect. SBPc correlated best with height (r .53), then age (r = .52), and, finally, weight (r = .51). The correlation between BPc and BPa was moderately low. The correlation of SBPc with SBPa was r = .46; that of DBPc with DBPa was r = .37; and that of MBPc with MBPa was r = .41. From birth to 6 months, SBPc was slightly lower than SBPa (1 to 3 mm Hg). SBPc increased linearly relative to SBPa and began to exceed SBPa at 6 months of age. The pattern of DBP and MBP was similar. Wide variability of blood pressure parameters was noted between the infants and children at all ages. Conclusions. Reference data are presented for BPc and the difference between BPc and BPa in healthy infants and children from 2 weeks to 3 years of age. BPc is not equivalent to BPa and should not be arbitrarily substituted. Because of the wide variability among healthy infants and children, SBPc measurements should be interpreted with caution when evaluating for coarctation of the aorta.

ALDOSTERONE SECRETION RATES IN NORMAL SUBJECTS FROM INFANCY TO ADULTHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-723
Author(s):  
Virginia V. Weldon ◽  
Avinoam Kowarski ◽  
Claude J. Migeon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Normal Adults ◽  
Secretion Rates ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Aldosterone secretion rates (ASR) were determined in 46 normal infants and children and in 15 normal adults. The values obtained in all subjects over 1 week of age had an overall mean of 81 µg/24 hours with a range of 25 to 162 µg/24 hours. In the group of subjects whose surface area was less than 0.8 M2, there was a significant correlation between ASR and body surface area. However, the ASH's of the adults were not statistically different from the olden infants and children, reflecting the great overlapping of values in the various age groups. The ASR's of the seven infants were significantly lower than those of the other subjects (mean = 23 µg/24 hours). The response to low sodium intake in 12 infants and young children was similar to that observed in adults. When the values for the excretion of the 3-oxoconjugate were compared to the secretion rates, a significant correlation was obtained but certain individual subjects deviated markedly from the average. The importance of determining the ASR rather than depending on excretion of a metabolic product to evaluate adrenal function is discussed.

scholarly journals Frequency of five Escherichia Coli pathotypes in Iranian adults and children with acute diarrhea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Eybpoosh ◽  
Saeid Mostaan ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Gouya ◽  
Hossein Masoumi-Asl ◽  
Parviz Owlia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Nation Wide Survey

AbstractBackgroundknowledge about the distribution of Escherichia Coli (E. coli) pathotypes in Iran is limited to studies with small scale and limited scope. This nation-wide survey aims to provide a more generalizable estimate of pathogenic E. coli distribution in Iran.MethodsDuring January 2013 and January 2014, stool samples were collected from 1306 acute diarrhea cases of 15 provinces. Culture-positive E. coli samples were tested with PCR for detection of five E. coli pathotypes (STEC, ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, and EIEC). Frequency of these pathotypes was estimated for different provinces, age groups, and months/seasons.ResultsOf 1305 diarrheal samples, 979 were E. coli-positive (prevalence: 75.0%; 95% CI: 72.6, 77.3%). Pathogenic E. coli was detected in 659 diarrheal samples (prevalence: 50.5%; 95% CI: 47.8, 53.2%). STEC and EIEC was the most and the least frequent pathotypes (35.4% and 0.3%, respectively). ETEC (14.0%) and EPEC (13.1%) were the second and the third frequent pathotypes, respectively. EAEC was not highly prevalent (4.3%). Fars and Razavi Khorasan provinces had the highest and lowest frequencies (88.7% and 34.8%, respectively). E. coli pathotypes were more frequent in warmer (i.e., spring and summer) than cooler (i.e., fall and winter) seasons. The highest frequency of pathogenic E. coli was observed in infants and children under 5 years (73% each). There was no association between sex and pathogenic E. coli infection.ConclusionsDiarrheagenic E. coli may be an important cause of acute diarrhea in adults and children in Iran. STEC and ETEC seem to be widespread and show a peak in warmer seasons. This finding could impact the recommended use of STEC and ETEC vaccines during warmer seasons, especially for infants, young children and elderlies. Monitoring the rate of diarrheagenic E. coli infection, E. coli serotypes, and their antibiotic resistance is recommended for evaluations of time-trends and effectiveness of interventions.Author summaryEscherichia coli, also known as E. coli is a bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is normally found in the lower intestine of human. Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some can cause infection in the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea. These pathogenic E. coli strains are classified based on their mechanism of pathogenesis. In this regard, five important E. coli strains include Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). In a national survey conducted in Jan 2013 till Jan 2014, we collected 1305 diarrheal samples from 15 (out of 31) provinces of Iran. Of these, 979 samples (75%) were E. coli-positive in the culture test. Molecular tests showed that 659 samples were pathogenic E. coli, suggesting that 50.5% of the diarrhea cases were induced due to pathogenic E. coli infection. The most prevalent pathogenic E. coli strains in Iran were STEC (35.4%) and ETEC (0.3%), and were more commonly detected in warmer seasons, infants, and children less than five years. So, the use of vaccines, especially for STEC and ETEC, during warmer seasons and for infants, young children and elderlies are recommended.

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