The Contribution of Pavlov's Typology of CNS Properties to Personality Research

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Strelau
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
The West ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Strength Of Excitation ◽  
Point Of Departure

This paper presents Pavlov's contribution to the development of biological-oriented personality theories. Taking a short description of Pavlov's typology of central nervous system (CNS) properties as a point of departure, it shows how, and to what extent, this typology influenced further research in the former Soviet Union as well as in the West. Of special significance for the development of biologically oriented personality dimensions was the conditioned reflex paradigm introduced by Pavlov for studying individual differences in dogs. This paradigm was used by Russian psychologists in research on types of nervous systems conducted in different animal species as well as for assessing temperament in children and adults. Also, personality psychologists in the West, such as Eysenck, Spence, and Gray, incorporated the CR paradigm into their theories. Among the basic properties of excitation and inhibition on which Pavlov's typology was based, strength of excitation and the basic indicator of this property, protective inhibition, gained the highest popularity in arousaloriented personality theories. Many studies have been conducted in which the Pavlovian constructs of CNS properties have been related to different personality dimensions. In current research the behavioral expressions of the Pavlovian constructs of strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, and mobility of nervous processes as measured by the Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS) have been related to over a dozen of personality dimensions, mostly referring to temperament.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in the Republic of Belarus

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natallia Golubeva ◽  
Kris Naudts ◽  
Ayana Gibbs ◽  
Roman Evsegneev ◽  
Siarhei Holubeu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Average Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Belarus (ROB) covers 207 600 km2 and has a population of about 10 million (Ministry of Statistics and Analysis, 2005). It was a member state of the former Soviet Union until it gained independence in 1991. Belarus is located between Poland, Lithuania and Latvia in the west, Russia in the east, and Ukraine in the south. Seventy-two per cent of the population live in an urban environment and 28% in rural areas. The average life span for men is 63 years and for women 75 years (Ministry of Public Health, 2005).

The West and Elections in Nigeria

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Amadu Sesay ◽  
Charles Ukeje
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Socialist Country ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War

The end of the cold war has made democratization, and its barest essential component elections, imperative for all nondemocratic forms of government. This is to be expected, given the dismal failure of the socialist alternative even in the first socialist country, the former Soviet Union. The United States, which is not only the foremost democracy in the world but also the only superpower, has been in the vanguard of democracy salesmanship. Africa, the continent with the least democratic space, has not been left out, as witnessed by President Bill Clinton’s unprecedented tour of the continent in March 1998.Understandably, Nigeria, arguably the most important country in Africa, was left out of the tour, since it was then under the obnoxious, undemocratic, and oppressive military regime of the late General Sani Abacha.

Capitalism, Communism and Colonialism? Revisiting "Transitology" as the Ideology of Informal Empire

Global Jurist ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Haskell ◽  
Boris N. Mamlyuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Central European ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Post Soviet Space

In the context of international law, “transitology" is often used to describe the literature surrounding the former Soviet Union (fSU) and the subsequent reform attempts by Western and Eastern/Central European market reformers. While it is often acknowledged there have been other “waves" of transition, this literature typically asserts that the situation in the fSU is somehow distinct in human history, and thus, to a large extent, unmixable with other past “transition" histories. Likewise, the story of the Soviet Union's dissolution, and the subsequent reforms in its aftermath, largely avoid the radar of critical colonial discourses. In short, there is almost no effort to link the fSU to the 19th century colonial project of Western European states, in particular the story of informal empire. This article seeks to re-frame the post-communist transition debate in terms of the broader international challenges of decolonization, “neo-colonialism," and informal empire building in the West, the former Soviet Union, as well as between the two in the post Soviet space.

scholarly journals The Epidemiologic Vocabulary of the West and the Former Soviet Union: Different Sides of the Same Science

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Grigoryan ◽  
Carmen Clarke ◽  
Lyudmila Zueva ◽  
Tetyana Chumachenko ◽  
Edmond F. Maes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The West

scholarly journals Universal Human Values as Axiological Values

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 802-816
Author(s):  
Mukhtasar Abdullaeva ◽  
Shakhnoza Jalolova ◽  
Mavluda Kengboyeva ◽  
Khakima Davlatova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Human Values ◽  
The West ◽  
The Subject

This article analyzes the fact that the subject of values is the basis of a number of worldviews, forms the central part of them, that many philosophical currents and thinkers have not bypassed this topic, and other issues. Also in the books and pamphlets devoted to the philosophical-historical analysis of the subject by scholars and experts living in the West and Europe, Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union, this analysis focuses mainly on the heritage and value of European scholars.

scholarly journals Dignity Promotion and the Revenge of Honour

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-226
Author(s):  
Jardar Nuland
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Russian Politics ◽  
Neoliberal Restructuring

This article argues that the West’s neoliberal ‘dignity promotion’ in other parts of the world is counter-productive and leads to the resurgence of a primordial culture of honour, a concept too often an ignored in international relations research. The author shows how the West has hijacked and neoliberalized the concept of dignity to include abstract notions of individual freedom and, above all, property rights and free trade. The concept of dignity is thus deprived of any social content. The strategy of dignity promotion, i.e. the effort to spread the idea of every individual’s inherent, inalienable worth, is based on the conviction that this will lead to a more secure world. However, sociological and anthropological research on moral cultures and honour has shown that security shapes moral cultures, not the other way round. The rise of dignity culture in the modern West was possible only when security, including social security, was provided. Conversely, honour dominates in insecure environments and resurfaces quickly when security disappears. The case study is Russia, where radical neoliberal restructuring in the early 1990s led to an anarchic brutalization of society, giving rise to a widespread culture of honour in Russian politics. On another level, Western dignity promotion in the former Soviet Union, epitomized by its support for ‘colour revolutions’, is perceived as an affront threatening Russian security by damaging its reputation for resolve. Within the culture of honour, the only moral answer to this is aggressive counter-attack.

scholarly journals Reconsidering Inclusion: Western theory and post-Soviet reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Hallett ◽  
David Allan ◽  
Graham Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Political History ◽  
The West ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Western Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Insight Into

This article analyses the views of individuals from a post-Soviet context in order to better understand current thinking around difference and disability. In this study, the multiplicity of human experience articulated by the research participants highlights immediate, rather than philosophical, priorities. The particular social, cultural and political history of the Republic of Armenia offers an insight into the challenges of, and opportunities for, the development of inclusive practices in the former Soviet Union. As such, it could be argued that the West has much to learn from national contexts that might be dismissed as exclusionary.

scholarly journals Foreign Threats to Ukraine’s Independence and the Challenge Posed to Polish National Security

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Orest Krasivskyy
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The West ◽  
Eurasian Continent ◽  
The Cold War

The purpose of the article is to examine the Russian threat to Ukraine’s state sovereignty and its impact on Poland’s national security; to underline that Russia intends to take revenge for its defeat in the Cold War, to regain control over the former Soviet Union republics, to defeat the USA and EU, and to establish control in the territory of the Eurasian continent. The research hypothesis is that the main purpose of Russia’s foreign policy is the reconstruction of a neo-imperial state, Ukraine’s reintegration into the post-Soviet space, and ensuring Russia’s domination in the region. The research task was completed using the research methods of a detailed study of sources and literature and a critical analysis of the information available to the author. Conclusions: Russia is trying to take revenge for its defeat in the Cold War, to regain control over the former Soviet Union republics, to defeat the West, and to establish control over the Eurasian continent. Russia considers Ukraine and Poland as dangerous agents of Atlanticism. That is why the Russian Eurasian geopolitical project aims for the Ukrainian and Polish states to be neutralized in a radical way. To this end, Russia has started a “hybrid war” against Ukraine. Poland and the Baltic countries will be the next targets of Russian aggression. It is profitable for Russian neo-imperialism to destroy trust and the strategic partnership between Poland and Ukraine, and to act in accordance with the divide-and-conquer algorithm. In such circumstances, Ukraine and Poland need to work out a new “Doctrine of restraining Russia’s aggression,” to pursue gradual and coordinated policy for the sake of the victory over Russian neo-imperialism and the dismantlement of the Russian imperial social system. The article describes the peculiarities of the modernization of the Russian imperial system at the present stage, analyzes the content of the Russian neo-imperialistic policy against Ukraine, Poland and the West, the reasons for the failure of Ukraine to neutralize Russian expansion, and also shows possible geopolitical consequences for the national security of Poland in the event of the successful implementation of Russia’s geopolitical strategy.

scholarly journals Kosovo: A False Pretext for Russian Regional Paternalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Dr.Sc. Samet Dalipi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
The West ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
The Cold War

The Cold War, characterized by its bipolar ideological rivalry, did not resolve centuries-old hostilities between the West and Russia. In order to regain the lost influence and reincarnation of regional hegemony, President Putin wanted a casus-belli. The international humanitarian intervention in Kosovo and the latter’s declaration of independence were Russia’s weak justifications for resuming the old clashes. Interventions in the territories of the former Soviet Union inhabited by Russian speakers, the annexation of Crimea, and direct involvement in the interethnic disputes in the eastern part of Ukraine and the Syrian wars show that Russia is determined to challenge and test the Western commitment to the spread of democracy. The similarities between Kosovo and Crimea, loudly echoed by Russia and their supporters, cannot be academically binding, except in some aspects of tertiary nature.The brutal prevention of Chechnya’s independence in the 1990s and failure to recognize Kosovo while applauding the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia present Putin’s political inconsistency and Real politic orientation. The Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, and threats to destabilize countries that “do not respect” the rights and interests of Russians wherever they are, exemplify Putin’s policy.The article aims to analyze the volatility of Russian foreign policy by comparing the case of Kosovo’s independence to the annexation of Crimea and Russia’s paternalist intentions abroad. 

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