scholarly journals Lured Into Listening

2021 ◽  
Vol 229 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henkjan Honing
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Music Cognition ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Web Based

Abstract. This brief statement revisits some earlier observations on what makes web-based experiments, and especially citizen science using engaging games, an attractive alternative to laboratory-based setups. It suggests web-based experimenting to be a full-grown alternative to traditional laboratory-based experiments, especially in the field of music cognition, where sampling bias is a common problem and large amounts of empirical data are needed to characterize individual variability.

scholarly journals Lured Into Listening: Engaging Games as an Alternative to Reward-Based Crowdsourcing in Music Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henkjan Honing
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Music Cognition ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Music Research

This brief statement revisits some earlier observations on what makes web-based experiments, and especially citizen science using engaging games, an attractive alternative to laboratory-based setups. It suggests web-based experimenting to be a full-grown alternative to traditional laboratory-based experiments, especially in the field music cognition, where sampling bias is a common problem and large amounts of empirical data are needed to characterize individual variability.

Data Quality of Longitudinally Collected Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) after Thoracic Surgery: A Comparison of Paper- and Web-Based Assessments (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfan Yu ◽  
Qingsong Yu ◽  
Yuxian Nie ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Yang Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Thoracic Surgery ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Quality Of Life Scale ◽  
Patient Reported

BACKGROUND High-frequent patient-reported outcome (PRO) assessments are used to measure patients’ symptoms after surgery for surgical research; however, quality of those longitudinal PRO data has seldom been discussed. OBJECTIVE To describe errors, to identify factors influencing the data quality, and to profile error trajectories of data longitudinally collected via paper-and-pencil (P&P) or web-based-assessment (ePRO) after thoracic surgery. METHODS We extracted longitudinal PRO data from two prospective clinical studies. PROs were assessed by the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Lung Cancer Module and single-item Quality of Life Scale before surgery and then daily after surgery until discharge or up to 14 days of hospitalization. Patient compliance and data error were identified and compared between P&P and ePRO. Generalized estimating equations models and two-piecewise models were used to describe trajectories of error incidence over time and to identify the risk factors. RESULTS Among 629 patients with at least 2 PRO assessments, 440 completed 3347 P&P assessments and 189 completed 1291 ePRO assessments. In total, 49.44% of patients had at least 1 error, including 1) missing items (64.69%), 2) modifications without signatures (27.99%), 3) selection of multiple options (3.02%), 4) missing patient signatures (2.54%), 5) missing researcher signatures (1.45%) and 6) missing completion dates (0.3%). ePRO patients had fewer errors than P&P patients (30.16% vs. 57.73%, p <0.0001). Compared with ePRO patients, those using P&P were older, less educated and sicker. Common risk factors of having errors were with a lower education level (P&P, OR=1.39, 95%CL=1.20-1.62, p<.0001; ePRO, OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.22-2.72, p=0.0032), treated in a provincial hospital (P&P, OR=3.34, 95%CI=2.10-5.33, p<.0001; ePRO, OR=4.73, 95%CI=2.18-10.25, p<.0001) and with severe disease (P&P, OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.33-1.99, p<.0001; ePRO, OR=2.70, 95%CI=1.53-4.75, p=0.0006). Errors peaked on postoperative day (POD) 1 for P&P, and on POD 2 for ePRO. CONCLUSIONS ePRO might be superior to P&P in terms of data quality. However, sampling bias needs to be considered for studies using longitudinal PROs as major outcomes.

Usability in Local E-Government

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mete Yildiz ◽  
Nihan Ocak ◽  
Caglar Yildirim ◽  
Kursat Cagiltay ◽  
Cenay Babaoglu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Presence

Social media use is on the rise throughout the world. Influenced by this trend, governments of all levels and sizes are establishing their social media (like Facebook) presence due to the communication and interaction capabilities that such a presence brings. This study examines and explains the social media presence of Turkish local governments from a usability perspective. Usability studies provide governments with important empirical data about the citizens'/users' view/perception of the efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction of web-based content. Consequently, there is a need for usability testing of government social media services.The analysis of local government social media sites through scientific usability methods, such as expert review, guidelines and eye-tracking, reveals the strengths and weaknesses of government social media services in terms of usability. The study concludes with specific recommendations for improvement of government social media presence, which are applicable, to a great extent, to governments of all levels and sizes in Turkey and elsewhere.

scholarly journals Reducing error and increasing reliability of wildlife counts from citizen science surveys: counting Weddell Seals in the Ross Sea from satellite images

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo A. Salas ◽  
Michelle LaRue ◽  
Nadav Nur ◽  
David G. Ainley ◽  
Sharon E. Stammerjohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Weddell Seal ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Weddell Seals ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images

ABSTRACTCitizen science programs can be effective at collecting information at large temporal and spatial scales. However, sampling bias is a concern in citizen science datasets and can lead to unreliable estimates. We address this issue with a novel approach in a first-of-its-kind citizen science survey of Weddell seals for the entire coast of Antarctica. Our citizen scientists inspected very high-resolution satellite images to tag any presumptive seals hauled out on the fast ice during the pupping period. To assess and reduce the error in counts in term of bias and other factors, we ranked surveyors on how well they agreed with each other in tagging a particular feature (presumptive seal), and then ranked these features based on the ranking of surveyors placing tags on them. We assumed that features with higher rankings, as determined by “the crowd wisdom,” were likely to be seals. By comparing citizen science feature ranks with an expert’s determination, we found that non-seal features were often highly ranked. Conversely, some seals were ranked low or not tagged at all. Ranking surveyors relative to their peers was not a reliable means to filter out erroneous or missed tags; therefore, we developed an effective correction factor for both sources of error by comparing surveyors’ tags to those by the expert. Furthermore, counts may underestimate true abundance due to seals not being present on the ice when the image was taken. Based on available on-the-ground haul-out location counts in Erebus Bay, the Ross Sea, we were able to correct for the proportion of seals not detected through satellite images after accounting for year, time-of-day, location (islet vs. mainland locations), and satellite sensor effects. We show that a prospective model performed well at estimating seal abundances at appropriate spatial scales, providing a suitable methodology for continent-wide Weddell Seal population estimates.

A Study on Privacy and Security Aspects of Facebook

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Hassan Faraz ◽  
Syed Hassan Tanvir ◽  
Saqib Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Social Web ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Privacy Policies ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Web Based

Social web has changed the concept of leisure time. As a result street neighbors have been replaced by e-neighbors and walls have become e-walls to share ideas and gossips. Despite so many advantages we cannot ignore potential threats to user privacy and security. In order to be extremely usable, such systems should have strict security and privacy policies in place. In this paper the authors focus on “Facebook” to understand privacy and security problems by carrying out a web based survey. Based on the findings from empirical data the authors propose different enhancements for the improvement of user privacy and potential threats to user account security.

Sociocognitive Inquiry

2013 ◽  
pp. 1336-1355
Author(s):  
Brian R. Gaines ◽  
Mildred L. G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Conceptual Modeling ◽  
Social Networking Site ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Graphic Analysis ◽  
Passive Data

This chapter describes techniques for sociocognitive inquiry based on conceptual grid elicitation and analysis using web-based tools, such as WebGrid, which are designed to elicit conceptual models from those participating in a networked community. These techniques provide an interactive web-based experience with immediate payback from online graphic analysis, that provides an attractive alternative to, or component of, conventional web-based surveys. In particular, they support targeted follow-up studies based on passive data mining of the by-products of web-based community activities, allowing the phenomena modeled through data mining to be investigated in greater depth. The foundations in cognitive sociology and psychology are briefly surveyed, a case study is provided to illustrate how web-based conceptual modeling services can be customized to integrate with a social networking site and support a focused study, and the implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Dissociation between asymmetric value updating and perseverance in human reinforcement learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiyo Sugawara ◽  
Kentaro Katahira
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Learning Rate ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Asymmetric Learning ◽  
Open Datasets ◽  
Key Parameter

AbstractThe learning rate is a key parameter in reinforcement learning that determines the extent to which novel information (outcome) is incorporated in guiding subsequent actions. Numerous studies have reported that the magnitude of the learning rate in human reinforcement learning is biased depending on the sign of the reward prediction error. However, this asymmetry can be observed as a statistical bias if the fitted model ignores the choice autocorrelation (perseverance), which is independent of the outcomes. Therefore, to investigate the genuine process underlying human choice behavior using empirical data, one should dissociate asymmetry in learning and perseverance from choice behavior. The present study addresses this issue by using a Hybrid model incorporating asymmetric learning rates and perseverance. First, by conducting simulations, we demonstrate that the Hybrid model can identify the true underlying process. Second, using the Hybrid model, we show that empirical data collected from a web-based experiment are governed by perseverance rather than asymmetric learning. Finally, we apply the Hybrid model to two open datasets in which asymmetric learning was reported. As a result, the asymmetric learning rate was validated in one dataset but not another.

scholarly journals Citizen Science Observations Reveal Long-Term Population Trends of Common and Pacific Loon in Urbanized Alaska

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. McDuffie ◽  
Julie C. Hagelin ◽  
Marian L. Snively ◽  
Grey W. Pendleton ◽  
Audrey R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Gavia Immer ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Common Loon ◽  
Chick Survival ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Common Loons

Abstract For more than 30 y, the Alaska Loon Watch (1985–1999) and the Alaska Loon and Grebe Watch (2000–2015) engaged citizen scientist participants to record more than 10,000 observations of common loons Gavia immer and Pacific loons Gavia pacifia at 346 lakes in five subregions of southcentral Alaska. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate long-term trends in adult loon counts and chick survival and examined environmental variables associated with loon abundance. Adult common loon counts increased in all five subregions by 0.6–3.6% annually, whereas Pacific loons decreased 3% in the Anchorage subregion, but otherwise had trends not distinguishable from zero. Lake area was positively associated with common loon abundance and negatively associated with Pacific loon abundance. We also noted an inverse relationship between common loon and Pacific loon presence, consistent with the premise of interspecific competition. We did not find strong relationships between loon presence and predictor variables indicative of human disturbance or lakeshore development. Estimates of chick survival over time also revealed no clear pattern, although common loon chicks showed a decline in survival over the study period in one subregion. Citizen science programs provide agencies with a cost-effective tool to collect data over large spatial and temporal extents, which may not be feasible otherwise. However, there are ramifications of common data deficiencies associated with casual or unstructured observations, which can violate the assumptions required for rigorous statistical analysis. The implementation of a carefully predefined sampling protocol can avoid sampling bias, eliminate stringent assumptions, and ensure higher information content of citizen science data.

scholarly journals Citizen Science, Plant Species, and Communities’ Diversity and Conservation on a Mediterranean Biosphere Reserve

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9925
Author(s):  
Maria Panitsa ◽  
Nikolia Iliopoulou ◽  
Emmanouil Petrakis
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Web Based

Citizen science can serve as a tool to address environmental and conservation issues. Ιn the framework of Erasmus+ project CS4ESD, this study focuses on promoting the importance of plants and plant species and communities’ diversity by using available web-based information because of Covid-19 limitations and concerning the case study of Olympus mountain Biosphere Reserve (Greece). A questionnaire was designed to collect the necessary information, aiming to investigate pupils’ and students’ willing to distinguish and learn more about plant species and communities and evaluate information found on the web. Pupils, students, and experts participated in this study. The results are indicative of young citizens’ ability to evaluate environmental issues. They often underestimate plant species richness, endemism, plant communities, the importance of plants, and ecosystem services. They also use environmental or plant-based websites and online available data in a significantly different way than experts. The age of the young citizens is a factor that may affect the quality of data. The essential issue of recognizing the importance of plants and plant communities and of assisting for their conservation is highlighted. Education for sustainable development is one of the most important tools that facilitates environmental knowledge and enhances awareness.

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