An Examination of the “Freshman-15” in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Meule ◽  
Petra Platte
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Freshman 15 ◽  
Weight Suppression ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. The “Freshman-15” refers to an expected average weight gain of 15 pounds during the first year at college in US students. Although an overall weight gain during this period can be observed, most studies found that students gain less than 15 pounds on average. Studies in countries other than the US, however, are scarce. In the current study, 120 female freshmen at a German university were tested at the start of the first semester and again at the start of the second semester (after approximately 6 months). Body mass index (BMI) did not differ between measurements, but participants had 0.2% more body fat at the second measurement. Participants with higher BMI at the first measurement lost weight and participants with higher weight suppression (i.e., the difference between an individual’s highest previous weight and current weight) at the first measurement gained weight. Participants who reported to exercise regularly at the first measurement gained weight, but this effect was driven by those who reduced their amount of physical exercise during the first semester. Dietary habits and eating styles at the first measurement were not associated with weight change. To conclude, no evidence was found for an overall weight gain during the first semester in female, German students. Furthermore, weight change was exclusively predicted by BMI, weight suppression, and regular exercise, while eating behaviors were unrelated to weight change. Thus, it appears that variables influencing energy expenditure are more robust predictors of future weight gain than variables influencing energy intake in female freshmen.

scholarly journals 1043. The impact of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) on weight gain among adults with HIV in clinical care

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S551-S551
Author(s):  
Sneha Thatipelli ◽  
Chad Achenbach ◽  
Shannon Galvin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) as ART for HIV has been associated with clinically significant weight gain, in addition to the “return to health phenomenon”. Methods We conducted a cohort study on adults over 18 with HIV, who had baseline weights and an additional weight at least 6 months later. Individuals with malignancies, thyroid disorders, and disseminated tuberculosis or mycobacterium avium complex were excluded. To understand the impact of InSTIs on chronic vs. recently infected persons, we divided the cohort into four groups: (1) well-controlled on non-InSTI ART [WN] (2) well-controlled on InSTI ART [WI] (3) uncontrolled on non-InSTI ART [UN], and (4) uncontrolled on InSTI ART [UI]. Well-controlled persons (viral load < 2000) were proxies for chronic infection on long-term ART and uncontrolled for recently infected and initiated on ART. New diagnoses of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension were determined by ICD10 codes. Participants with a weight change more than 10 kg in 6 months were excluded. Results 612 of the initial 910 participants in the cohort met the inclusion criteria. Comparing those who remained on the designated regimen throughout the study led to 86 WN, 153 WI, 166 UN, and 145 UI. Mean weight change at 6 months for WN was +0.22 kg (95% CI [-0.86, 1.3]), at 1 year was -0.86 kg (95% CI [-2.94, 1.22]), and at 2 years was +0.026 kg (95% CI [-2.347, 2.399]). For WI, mean weight change at 6 months was +0.21 kg (95% CI [-0.79, 1.21]), at 1 year was -0.50 kg (95% CI [-2.02, 1.04]), and at 2 years was +0.43 kg (95% CI [-1.35, 2.21]). UN gained weight until the first year (+1.74 kg at 6 mo (95% CI [0.24, 3.24]) and +3.84 kg at 1 year (95% CI [1.57, 6.11])), but plateaued at 2 years (+2.42 kg (95% CI [-0.44, 5.28])). At 6 months mean weight gain for UI was +0.78 kg (95% CI [-0.15, 1.71]), at 1 year was +2.33 kg (95% CI [1.02, 3.64]), and at 2 years was +3.04 kg (95% CI [1.2, 4.85]). WI had a higher incidence of diabetes (37% vs. 32%, p=0.40), hyperlipidemia (32% vs. 29%, p=0.66), and hypertension (34% vs. 26%, p=0.19) compared to WN. Conclusion InSTIs may confer a larger and more sustained weight gain among individuals in the first two years after ART initiation. Well controlled individuals did not have statistically significant weight change, but those on Insti-based ART had more metabolic diseases. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Human milk fatty acids and growth of infants in Brazzaville (The Congo) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Rocquelin ◽  
S Tapsoba ◽  
J Kiffer ◽  
S Eymard-Duvernay
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractObjective:Objective: To estimate the role of human milkn-6 andn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in term infant growth in two African urban populations.Design:Observational study. Weight gains at 5 months of age and dietary habits were compared between Congolese infants (n=102) and Burkinabè infants (n=101). Socio-economic status and anthropometry of the mothers were also recorded.Setting:One suburban district in Brazzaville (capital of The Congo) and one in Ouagadougou (capital of Burkina Faso).Subjects:Two random samples of nursing mothers and their 5-month-old infants.Results:All infants were born at term and there was no difference in birth weights. At 5 months of age, infants in Ouagadougou were thinner but not shorter than their counterparts in Brazzaville (average weight gain (standard deviation): 614 (168) g month-1vs. 720 (176) g month-1;P>0.0001). Drastic differences were found in infant diets with regard to extra fluid intake andn-6 andn-3 PUFA concentrations in breast milk. In Ouagadougou, all infants were given fluids other than milk from birth. Breast milk had highly unbalanced 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 andn-6/n-3 long-chain PUFA ratios (53:1 and 5:1, respectively). In Brazzaville, half of the infants received fluids other than milk, and breast milk showed balanced 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 andn-6/n-3 long-chain PUFA ratios (12:1 and 1:1, respectively). A non-linear relationship between 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio and growth was established in Brazzaville (P=0.0027). The 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio adjusted with covariates had an even more significant effect on weight gain (P=0.0011). Applying the same model in Ouagadougou did not show such a relation.Conclusion:Data strongly suggest that a balanced ratio of 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 (between 5:1 and 15:1) in breast milk leads to higher weight gain of infants during the first 5 months of life.

Abstract P091: A Comparison of Analytical Methods to Evaluate the Association Between Diet and Long-Term Weight Gain in Three Prospective Cohorts

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica D Smith ◽  
Tao Hou ◽  
Frank Hu ◽  
Eric B Rimm ◽  
Donna Spiegelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Dietary Change ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Prospective Cohorts ◽  
Comparison Of Analytical Methods

Background: Because long-term weight gain typically occurs insidiously (~1 lb/y) it is very difficult to study in RCTs and prospective cohorts provide crucial evidence on its key contributors. Most prior studies have evaluated how baseline diet, rather than change in diet that may be more physiologically relevant, relates to future weight gain. Aim: To evaluate and compare different methodological approaches for investigating how diet relates to long-term weight gain. Methods: Participants from 3 separate cohorts, the Nurses Health Study (NHS, n=50,422), Nurses Health Study II (NHS II, n=47,898), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, n=22,557), free of obesity and chronic diseases at baseline, were included and followed for up to 20 y. Lifestyle, health status, and weight were assessed by questionnaires every 2 y, and diet by validated FFQ every 4 y. We assessed 3 different analytic approaches, including relations of 1) baseline diet at the start of each 4 y with weight change in the next 4 y; 2) 4-y change in diet with weight change in the same 4 y; and 3) 4-y change in diet with lagged weight change in the next 4 y. We compared these approaches evaluating consistency across cohorts, magnitudes of associations, and biological plausibility of findings. Results: Across the three methods, consistent, robust, and biologically plausible associations were only seen between changes in diet and changes in weight in the same 4 y (Figure). Findings evaluating baseline diet and lagged dietary change were less consistent across cohorts, far smaller in magnitude, and often not biologically plausible, suggesting presence of both bias and misclassification of the true relevant dietary metric. Conclusions: The methods used to analyze dietary habits and long-term weight gain are crucial. The most robust, biologically relevant, and consistent findings are seen when evaluating dietary change and weight change in discrete periods.

Weight change with atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
First Year ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
First Onset ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Weight gain is a common complication of antipsychotic treatment. Its consequences include decreased self-esteem, reduced quality of life, reduced adherence with medication and increased morbidity and mortality. Most studies that assess weight change are short term. Among the atypicals mean weight gain is greatest with olanzapine and clozapine and least with aripiprazole and ziprasidone. Mean weight change obscures the marked individual variation in weight change that occurs during antipsychotic treatment i.e. irrespective of the antipsychotic, some subjects lose weight, some maintain their weight and some gain weight. In several long-term naturalistic studies (>6 months) mean weight gain is less marked than in randomised controlled trials of a shorter or comparable duration. This may reflect selective prescribing, the effect of weight management interventions and differences in the statistical analysis employed. With most antipsychotics weight stabilizes in the short to medium term but with clozapine it may continue beyond the first year. With some drugs clinical improvement is associated with short-term weight gain. Predictors of long-term weight gain include lower body mass index, increased appetite and rapid initial weight increase. Weight gain is greater in first onset patients due to the lack of prior antipsychotic exposure and associated weight gain. The potential for weight gain should be discussed with patients before starting antipsychotic treatment and weight monitored regularly during treatment. It may be possible to predict weight gain before an antipsychotic is started or early on in treatment enabling high-risk patients to receive more intensive strategies to reduce weight gain.

scholarly journals Correlation of Preadmission Organic Chemistry Courses and Academic Performance in Biochemistry at a Midwest Chiropractic Doctoral Program*

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc P. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Doctoral Program ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
First Year ◽  
Final Exam ◽  
Academic Difficulty ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Course Grades ◽  
The Difference

Purpose: Organic chemistry has been shown to correlate with academic success in the preclinical years of medicine, dentistry, and graduate physiology. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between undergraduate organic chemistry grades and first-semester biochemistry grades at a Midwest chiropractic doctoral program. Methods: Students enrolled in a first-semester biochemistry course who had completed the prerequisite courses in organic chemistry offered at this same institution were entered into the study. The total grade for each of the three courses was calculated using the midterm and final exam raw scores with a weighting of 50% each. Analysis consisted of obtaining correlation coefficients between the total grades of organic 1 with biochemistry and organic 2 with biochemistry. Using the biochemistry total grade, the students were divided into quartiles and course grades for both organic chemistry 1 and 2 were calculated. Results: For the 109 students in the study, the correlation coefficient between the biochemistry and organic chemistry 1 and biochemistry and organic chemistry 2 courses was r = 0.744 and r = 0.725, respectively. The difference in organic chemistry grades between those in the first and fourth quartiles was 63.2% and 86.9% for organic chemistry 1 (p < .001) and 60.9% and 79.4% for organic chemistry 2 (p < .001). Conclusion: This study shows that organic chemistry can be used as an indicator of future academic success in a chiropractic biochemistry course. Knowledge of such a relationship could prove useful to identify students who may potentially run into academic difficulty with first-year biochemistry.

Sweating in sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Brook ◽  
BF Short
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Weight Gain

Water loss from the sweat glands of shorn sheep was estimated as the difference between the average weight gain of desiccating capsules placed on 10 normal sheep and on 4 control sheep congenitally lacking sweat glands. At an air tempera ture of 20°C (68°F) and a water vapour pressure of 12.5 mm Hg the rate of svveating was 10.2 g/m2/hr, and at 40°C (104°F) and a water vapour pressure of 28.1 mm Hg the rate of sweating was 32.1 g/m2/hr. The maximum amount of heat a sheep could lose by sweating at the rate of 32 g/m2/hr under these conditions is c. 20 kcal/hr. It is emphasized that the rate of sweating observed in shorn sheep must not be applied unreservedly to sheep with a fleece, because the dynamics of water movement in the fleece are unknown.

scholarly journals Weight Gain in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate without Use of Palatal Plates

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato da Silva Freitas ◽  
Andrey Bernardo Lopes-Grego ◽  
Helena Luiza Douat Dietrich ◽  
Natacha Regina de Moraes Cerchiari ◽  
Tabatha Nakakogue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Syndromic Diagnosis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
First Year Of Life

Goals/Background. To evaluate children’s growth in the first year of life, who have cleft palate and lip, without the use of palatal plates. Materials/Method. Chart review was conducted, retrospectively, in the Center for Integral Assistance of Cleft Lip and Palate (CAIF), in Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. Results for both genders were compared to the data published by the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding average weight gain in children during their first year of life. Results. Patients with syndromic diagnosis and with cleft classified as preforamen were excluded, resulting in a final number of 112 patients: 56 male and 56 female. Similar patterns were seen comparing the two genders. Although it was observed weight gain below the average until the 11th month in male patients and until 9 months in female patients, both genders remained at the 50th percentile (p50) and improved after the 4th month of age for boys and the 9th month of age for girls. Conclusion. Children with cleft palate weigh less than regular children during their first months of life. At the end of the first year, weight gain is similar comparing normal and affected children. However, factors that optimized weight gain included choosing the best treatment for each case, proper guidance, and multiprofessional integrated care.

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