Loop-closures resulting from the readjustment of the first-order triangulation in the western part of the United States

The design method of truck escape ramps (TERs) presented by the Transportation Association of Canada and other organizations is deterministic and assumes fixed values of the design speed, rolling resistance, and ramp grade. This paper presents a reliability-based method for TER design based on the first-order second-moment (FOSM) method and the advanced FOSM (AFOSM) method. These methods rely on the distribution of the component random variables. Each method was used to analyze a TER with one grade and two grades. The FOSM is simple and can be easily used by practitioners, even with calculators. The AFOSM is more complicated but more accurate as it considers the design points in determining the probability of failure. The AFOSM method was used to establish design graphs for the required length of TERs. Application of the proposed method is illustrated using actual TERs in the United States and considering a hypothetical design scenario.

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Problems with Heavy Snow Data at First-Order Stations in the United States

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology ◽

10.1175/jtech1938.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 1621-1624 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stanley A. Changnon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Historical Data ◽

The United States ◽

Quality Data ◽

Heavy Snowfall ◽

First Order ◽

Heavy Snow

Abstract Various interests desire information and data on heavy snowfalls to define their spatial and temporal occurrences. Historical data at the nation’s 208 first-order stations for events with 15.2 cm or more snowfall in 2 days or less was assessed, and revealed various serious data problems at 118 stations with climatological quality data available for 90 stations. The data problems are described as guidelines for those seeking to utilize heavy snowfall data, and stations with quality data are listed.

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Invisible Fences

Method & Theory in the Study of Religion ◽

10.1163/15700682-12341368 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (4-5) ◽

pp. 337-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Angelika Rohrbacher

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Organizational Structure ◽

Regional Differences ◽

The United States ◽

Jewish Studies ◽

Point Of View ◽

Scientific Study ◽

Jewish Culture ◽

First Order ◽

Cultural Images

On a superficial level, the differentiation between “Jews” and “non-Jews” functions as one of the best-known lines of demarcation in the representation of Jewish culture and religion. It draws on a hermeneutical boundary between “insiders” and “outsiders” with regard to the understanding of specific “Jewish experiences.” In this article, I add that this division, often supported by theologians and scholars in the scientific study of religion\s, influences the organizational structure of academic institutions as well, bestowing more “authenticity” on the research of Jewish scholars than on that of non-Jewish scholars. I furthermore assert that, from a methodological point of view, this form of insider–outsider distinction can be seen as part of the discourse on first-order essentialism in Jewish Studies, which includes significant regional differences. Whereas many European scholars are oriented toward mono-cultural images of Jewish religions, scholars from the United States are often eager to explore the plurality of the increasingly diverse religious field. In Israel the insider–outsider distinction occurs on quite a different level, since more and more Israeli scholars criticize ethnicized patterns in Jewish studies.

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Into the Land of the Fearful

10.5406/illinois/9780252037580.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jose V. Fuentecilla

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

The Philippines ◽

Martial Law ◽

First Order ◽

The U.S

This chapter focuses on the reactions of overseas Filipino communities to anti-martial law activists in exile. Much of the print coverage of the U.S.-based anti-Marcos groups tended to spotlight prominent exile figures. Having found the freedom to speak out, to write for publication, to demonstrate, to organize openly—activities that could get their colleagues back home in trouble with the authorities—they plunged into furious rounds of organizing the resident Filipino population. They had assumed that their compatriots in the United States would empathize with their experience and respond readily to appeals for money, membership, and participation. However, anti-martial law activists who reached out to Filipino communities were met with two reactions—apathy and fear. Apathy was most pronounced among the newer immigrants. They had come to the United States to improve their prospects for a livelihood they found unachievable back in the Philippines. The first order of business was to get settled—employment, housing, education for their children—all the basics of survival in their new home. There was no room to indulge in politics, local or Philippine. There was also the fear of getting involved. News of roundups, interrogations, and military detentions was constant. They would not want to jeopardize relatives back home once their U.S. activities were made known.

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How disunity matters to the history of cybernetics in the human sciences in the United States, 1940–80

History of the Human Sciences ◽

10.1177/0952695119872111 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 12-35

Author(s):

Ronald Kline

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Human Sciences ◽

Talcott Parsons ◽

Herbert Simon ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Cybernetic Model ◽

First Order ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

Rather than assume a unitary cybernetics, I ask how its disunity mattered to the history of the human sciences in the United States from about 1940 to 1980. I compare the work of four prominent social scientists – Herbert Simon, George Miller, Karl Deutsch, and Talcott Parsons – who created cybernetic models in psychology, economics, political science, and sociology with the work of anthropologist Gregory Bateson, and relate their interpretations of cybernetics to those of such well-known cyberneticians as Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch, W. Ross Ashby, and Heinz von Foerster. I argue that viewing cybernetics through the lens of disunity – asking what was at stake in choosing a specific cybernetic model – shows the complexity of the relationship between first-order cybernetics and the postwar human sciences, and helps us rethink the history of second-order cybernetics.

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Using the Force of Representation

Unbound: A Journal of Digital Scholarship ◽

10.12794/journals.ujds.v1i1.57 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Casey Walker

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

People Of Color ◽

Discursive Space ◽

Nationalist Movement ◽

First Order ◽

Star Wars ◽

White Nationalism

This paper explores how the most recent Star Wars films released after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm, Episode VII: The Force Awakens and Episode VIII: The Last Jedi, serve as a fertile discursive space for the growing anxieties over the rise of the white nationalist movement in the United States over the last decade. Unlike previous Star Wars trilogies, Episodes VII and VIII foreground the "Other" in juxtaposition to the whiteness that the Empire and First Order represent both figuratively and literally. By incorporating a more diverse array of characters, such as people of color, women, and immigrants, the Resistance is juxtaposed against the mostly white, mostly male First Order in these films. This has led to the First Order being read by many as a symbol of the white nationalism movement, as it strives to maintain its own perceived superiority over the resistance of "Others."

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