Which depressions are related to life stress?

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Paykel
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Social Rhythm ◽  
Insidious Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Course Of Depression

This paper examines the relationship of recent life events to specific kinds of depression using published studies and the author's own work. An overall effect of life events on depression has been found consistently and is moderate in degree. In suicide attempts there are stronger and more immediate effects than in depression. Life events precede both non-melancholic and melancholic depressions. It is only in recurrent depressions that life events are less common with melancholic pictures. Life events influence bipolar disorder as well as unipolar. Mania may be preceded by life events, particularly those involving social rhythm disruption, but it is harder to rule out events which are consequences of insidious development of illness. There are strong effects of life events and social support in postpartum depressions but in postpartum psychoses these effects are absent. Events precede depression comorbid with other disorders as well as pure depression. The course of depression is also influenced by life stress with less remission where negative events occur after onset and better outcome where earlier adverse events are neutralized. Relapse is related to immediately preceding life events. However, where depressions are both severe and recurrent life stress effects weaken and as the number of episodes increases preceding life events lessen. These findings suggest that some kinds of depression are more related to psychosocial causation and some are more biological in origin.

The Relationship of Sociotropy and Autonomy to Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Fresco ◽  
William S. Sampson ◽  
Linda W. Craighead ◽  
Ashton N. Koons
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Prospective Design ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Sociotropy And Autonomy ◽  
The Relationship

Beck (1983) hypothesized that excessive interpersonal (sociotropy) and achievement (autonomy) concerns represent vulnerabilities to depression when congruent negative life events occur and that these personality constructs relate differentially to specific depressive symptoms. Recent research suggests that sociotropy relates to both depression and anxiety symptoms while autonomy may be specifically related to depression symptoms. This study employed a longitudinal, prospective design with a sample of 78 undergraduates to test aspects of Beck’s (1983) hypotheses. Sociotropy correlated with anxiety symptoms while autonomy correlated with depression symptoms. Additionally, sociotropy moderated the relationship of life stress to depression symptoms for both negative interpersonal and achievement stress while autonomy moderated the relationship of life stress to depression symptoms for negative interpersonal events only. Finally, sociotropy and autonomy also moderated the relationship between life stress and anxiety symptoms in a pattern that was different from the pattern with depression symptoms. Findings from the present study add to a growing body of empirical evidence that sociotropy and autonomy relate to depression and introduce evidence indicating how these constructs may relate to anxiety.

Health-related life events in patients with somatic symptom disorders: A case control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaswamy Reddy ◽  
Santosh Kumar Chaturvedi ◽  
Geetha Desai ◽  
Narayana Manjunatha ◽  
Srinivas Guruprasad
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Somatic Symptom ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The positive association between adverse life events and somatoform disorders is a consistent observation. But no systematic studies have evaluated the relationship between health-related life events (HLEs) in patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD)/somatoform disorders. Aim: To examine the nature and relationship of HLE in patients with SSD and to assess the correlates of HLE. Methods: A total of 50 adult patients with SSD and 50 matched healthy controls from a Neuropsychiatric hospital were recruited. Sociodemographic interview, scale for assessment of somatic symptoms (SASS), Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and a semi-structured interview schedule to gather information on HLE were used. Results: Patients in the SSD group had a significantly higher number of total HLE in general (4.72 ± 2.63, 3.36 ± 1.92; p = .004), major HLE (1.48 ± 1.45, 0.68 ± 0.94; p = .006), during their lifetime in comparison to controls. Infections, trauma, non-communicable diseases and reproductive system–related diseases were the more common types of HLE in SSD group. Conclusion: Our findings may implicate a role of major HLE of patients and HLE of their family members in the pathophysiology of SSD.

The relationship of social support, social networks and negative events with depression in patients with coronary artery disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Bosworth ◽  
D. C. Steffens ◽  
M. N. Kuchibhatla ◽  
W. J. Jiang ◽  
R. M. Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Life Stress and Performance Impairment: The Role of Off-Task Thinking

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 873-877
Author(s):  
Kitty Klein
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Performance Impairment ◽  
Verbal Problem ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In previous research (Baradell & Klein, 1993; Klein & Barnes, 1994) self-focused attention has moderated the relationship of life stress and verbal problem solving. Stressed individuals highly aware of internal bodily changes made the most errors and used the least effective strategies. How life stress affects information processing on such tasks has not been investigated. In theories (e. g. Humphreys & Revelle, 1984; Eysenck, 1992) that relate personality variables to cognitive processes, off-task thinking is presumed to mediate the relationship between individual differences and performance. In the present study, 35 students who varied in life stress and self-focus solved complex verbal analogies. The results indicated that high levels of stress and self-focus were related to off-task thinking and that off-task thinking was negatively related to performance. However, regression analyses did not support a mediating role for off-task thinking. Rather, off-task thinking may result from poor performance, rather than vice-versa as is assumed in current models.

The Camberwell Collaborative Depression Study I. Depressed Probands: Adversity and the Form of Depression

1988 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Bebbington ◽  
T. Brugha ◽  
B. MacCarthy ◽  
J. Potter ◽  
E. Sturt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Hospital Services ◽  
Depressive State ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Index Cases

The Camberwell Collaborative Depression Study is an investigation of a series of 130 patients (76 female; 54 male) attending the Maudsley Hospital Services with unipolar depression of recent onset (the probands), and of their first-degree relatives. This paper describes the first element of the study, the investigation of the index cases or probands, which was carried out by members of the MRC Social Psychiatry Unit over the period 1982–1985. A description of the methods of the study is followed by an analysis of life events in relation to the symptomatic pattern of the depressive state. An ‘endogenous' group was defined as cases of depression falling within Catego classes D and R, and compared with a ‘neurotic’ group conforming to classes N and A. The hypothesis that the ‘endogenous' group of disorders would be relatively independent of prior life stress was not confirmed. Depressed women were more likely to have experienced life events or difficulties than their male counterparts, and there was some evidence that sex, but not age or social class, influenced the relationship between adversity and the type of depression. Examination of the timing of life events was strongly suggestive of a causal effect, with a pronounced rise in the month before onset. This was not limited to the most severe events. Differences between the ‘endogenous' and ‘neurotic’ groups in the temporal patterning of events before onset are discussed. The findings are interpreted in terms of the literature on the topic.

Psychopathology and early life stress in migrant youths: an analysis of the ‘Growing up in Ireland’ study

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
S. Cotter ◽  
C. Healy ◽  
D. Ni Cathain ◽  
P. Williams ◽  
M. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectivesMigrant youths endure many challenges. Such challenges can be stressful and lead to psychological difficulties. We investigated the relationship between migration, psychopathology and stressful events in children and adolescents. We hypothesised that migrant youths would show higher levels of psychopathology and more stressful life events than non-migrant youths.MethodUsing the Child cohort (Cohort ‘98) of the ‘Growing up in Ireland’ study we investigated psychopathology, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) at age 9 and 13 and stressful life events in migrant and non-migrant youths.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the proportion of migrant and non-migrant youths reporting psychopathology in childhood (p>0.05) or adolescence (p>0.05). Analysis of the SDQ subscales revealed that a significantly greater proportion of migrant youths had hyperactivity problems in childhood (p = 0.04) but a greater proportion of non-migrant youths had emotional problems in early adolescence (p = 0.04). We found that migrant youths experienced significantly more stressful life events than their non-migrant counterparts (p<0.01), however, once ‘Moving house/country‘ was removed as a stressor, there was no difference between the groups (p>0.27).ConclusionsContrary to our hypothesis, we observed that there were few differences between migrant and non-migrant youths in the levels of psychopathology. Migrant youths experienced a greater number of stressful life events, however, this was attributable to stressors relating to moving. An increased understanding of the factors promoting resilience, as demonstrated by the migrant youths, could aid health professionals and policy makers to effectively tailor interventions for mental health promotion.

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