Keeping the voter's limits in mind: A cognitive process analysis of decision making in voting.

1981 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Herstein
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Process Analysis

scholarly journals Should I stay or should I go? Evidence accumulation drives decision making in human drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
David Abbink ◽  
Gustav Markkula
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
Dynamic Constraints ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Out Of Sample

Laboratory studies of abstract, highly controlled tasks point towards noisy evidence accumulation as a key mechanism governing decision making. Yet it is unclear whether the cognitive processes implicated in simple, isolated decisions in the lab are as paramount to decisions that are ingrained in more complex behaviors, such as driving. Here we aim to address the gap between modern cognitive models of decision making and studies of naturalistic decision making in drivers, which so far have provided only limited insight into the underlying cognitive processes. We investigate drivers' decision making during unprotected left turns, and model the cognitive process driving these decisions. Our model builds on the classical drift-diffusion model, and emphasizes, first, the drift rate linked to the relevant perceptual quantities dynamically sampled from the environment, and, second, collapsing decision boundaries reflecting the dynamic constraints imposed on the decision maker’s response by the environment. We show that the model explains the observed decision outcomes and response times, as well as substantial individual differences in those. Through cross-validation, we demonstrate that the model not only explains the data, but also generalizes to out-of-sample conditions, effectively providing a way to predict human drivers’ behavior in real time. Our results reveal the cognitive mechanisms of gap acceptance decisions in human drivers, and exemplify how simple cognitive process models can help us to understand human behavior in complex real-world tasks.

Submariner Situation Assessment: A Cognitive Process Analysis and Modeling Approach

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Ehret ◽  
Wayne D. Gray ◽  
Susan S. Kirschenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Situation Assessment ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Task Behavior ◽  
Process Level

A cognitive process analysis and modeling approach to task analysis is described in the context of Project Nemo, a research effort aimed at explicating situation assessment behavior in commanders of nuclear powered attack submarines. The approach is structured around the rationality and problem space principles outlined in Card, Moran and Newell (1983). The process analysis phases involve characterizing the task domain as well as the subject's goals, operators, and knowledge. The modeling phases involves instantiating the elements from the process analysis phases into a runnable computational cognitive model. The behavior of this model is then judged against a standard, such as expert judgment or the commander's behavior, in order to evaluate the sufficiency of the cognitive process analysis. Unlike conventional task analysis methods, this approach enables the analyst not only to describe task behavior at a detailed cognitive process level, but to evaluate the precision of that description.

The 33rd Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture Cognitive neuropsychiatry and delusional belief

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1041-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Coltheart
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Belief Formation ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Delusional Belief

Cognitive neuropsychiatry is a new field of cognitive psychology which seeks to learn more about the normal operation of high-level aspects of cognition such as belief formation, reasoning, decision making, theory of mind, and pragmatics by studying people in whom such processes are abnormal. So far, the high-level cognitive process most widely studied in cognitive neuropsychiatry has been belief formation, investigated by examining people with delusional beliefs. This paper describes some of the forms of delusional belief that have been examined from this perspective and offers a general two-deficit cognitive-neuropsychiatric account of delusional belief.

Understanding Cooperation in a Single-trial Prisoner's Dilemma Game: Interactions Among Three Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Xi ◽  
Tingyan Li ◽  
Yong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Potential Conditions

In the present study we investigated the mechanism inherent in the decision-making process in a single-trial with the game called Prisoner's Dilemma (PD), in which players might simultaneously encounter different conditions that influence cooperation: namely, reciprocity, perceived control, and risk taking. We conducted 2 experiments to examine how, and to what extent, these conditions contribute to cooperation. By incorporating direct measurements of the potential conditions into a paradigm produced in previous studies, we were able to test the reliability of backward inference and to quantify the effect exerted by each condition. Results consistently revealed a complex cognitive process in single-trial PD: each condition had an influence on decision making, but none of them showed a dominating power to prompt cooperation independently; reciprocity served as a moderator.

scholarly journals Using Eye Tracking to Trace a Cognitive Process: Gaze Behaviour During Decision Making in a Natural Environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Gidlöf ◽  
Annika Wallin ◽  
Richard Dewhurst ◽  
Kenneth Holmqvist
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Evaluation Stage ◽  
Unstructured Information

The visual behaviour of consumers buying (or searching for) products in a supermarket was measured and used to analyse the stages of their decision process. Traditionally metrics used to trace decision-making processes are difficult to use in natural environments that often contain many options and unstructured information. Unlike previous attempts in this direction (i.e. Russo & Leclerc, 1994), our methodology reveals differences between a decision-making task and a search task. In particular the second (evaluation) stage of a decision task contains more re-dwells than the second stage of a comparable search task. This study addresses the growing concern of taking eye movement research from the laboratory into the ‘real-world’, so findings can be better generalised to natural situations.

Decision-Making Cognitive Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Thais Spiegel ◽  
Ana Carolina P V Silva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Rationality Theory

In the study of decision-making, the classical view of behavioral appropriateness or rationality was challenged by neuro and psychological reasons. The “bounded rationality” theory proposed that cognitive limitations lead decision-makers to construct simplified models for dealing with the world. Doctors' decisions, for example, are made under uncertain conditions, as without knowing precisely whether a diagnosis is correct or whether a treatment will actually cure a patient, and often under time constraints. Using cognitive heuristics are neither good nor bad per se, if applied in situations to which they have been adapted to be helpful. Therefore, this text contextualizes the human decision-making perspective to find descriptions that adhere more closely to the human decision-making process. Then, based on a literature review of cognition during decision-making, particularly in healthcare context, it addresses a model that identifies the roles of attention, categorization, memory, emotion, and their inter-relations, during the decision-making process.

The Cognitive Process of Decision Making

2011 ◽  
pp. 1452-1464
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang ◽  
Guenther Ruhe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Cartesian Product ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Informatics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rigorous Description ◽  
Science Management ◽  
Cognitive Decision

Decision making is one of the basic cognitive processes of human behaviors by which a preferred option or a course of actions is chosen from among a set of alternatives based on certain criteria. Decision theories are widely applied in many disciplines encompassing cognitive informatics, computer science, management science, economics, sociology, psychology, political science, and statistics. A number of decision strategies have been proposed from different angles and application domains such as the maximum expected utility and Bayesian method. However, there is still a lack of a fundamental and mathematical decision model and a rigorous cognitive process for decision making. This article presents a fundamental cognitive decision making process and its mathematical model, which is described as a sequence of Cartesian-product based selections. A rigorous description of the decision process in real-time process algebra (RTPA) is provided. Real-world decisions are perceived as a repetitive application of the fundamental cognitive process. The result shows that all categories of decision strategies fit in the formally described decision process. The cognitive process of decision making may be applied in a wide range of decision-based systems such as cognitive informatics, software agent systems, expert systems, and decision support systems.

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