The Impact of Item-Focused and Relational Processing on Episodic Memory and Artificial Grammar Knowledge

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Watkins ◽  
Robert Mathews ◽  
Sean Lane
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Artificial Grammar ◽  
Relational Processing ◽  
Grammar Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Learning with Artificial Grammar Learning Tasks

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Danner ◽  
Dirk Hagemann ◽  
Joachim Funke
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Artificial Grammar Learning ◽  
Artificial Grammar ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Grammar Learning ◽  
Grammar Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Implicit learning can be defined as learning without intention or awareness. We discuss conceptually and investigate empirically how individual differences in implicit learning can be measured with artificial grammar learning (AGL) tasks. We address whether participants should be instructed to rate the grammaticality or the novelty of letter strings and look at the impact of a knowledge test on measurement quality. We discuss these issues from a conceptual perspective and report three experiments which suggest that (1) the reliability of AGL is moderate and too low for individual assessments, (2) a knowledge test decreases task consistency and increases the correlation with reportable grammar knowledge, and (3) performance in AGL tasks is independent from general intelligence and educational attainment.

scholarly journals Preliminary Evidence for a Sex-Specific Relationship between Amount of Cannabis Use and Neurocognitive Performance in Young Adult Cannabis Users

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natania A. Crane ◽  
Randi Melissa Schuster ◽  
Raul Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests neuropsychological deficits from cannabis use, with a burgeoning area of preclinical research indicating possible sex-differences. However, few studies have examined how cannabis use may differentially impact neurocognition in male and female cannabis users. As such, we examined potential sex-differences in associations between amount of cannabis use (across several time frames) and neurocognitive performance among young adult regular cannabis users. Consistent with previous studies, more cannabis use was generally associated with poorer episodic memory and decision-making, but not other measures of inhibitory control. However, patterns of results suggested sex-specific dissociations. In particular, more cannabis use was more consistently associated with poorer episodic memory performance in females than males. Conversely, more cannabis use was associated with poorer decision-making performance for males, but not females. These results provide further evidence for residual cannabis-associated neurocognitive deficits and suggest the importance of examining the impact of cannabis on neurocognition separately for males and females. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–7)

scholarly journals Can We Remember Future Actions yet Forget the Last Two Minutes? Study in Transient Global Amnesia

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 4138-4149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Hainselin ◽  
Peggy Quinette ◽  
Béatrice Desgranges ◽  
Olivier Martinaud ◽  
Didier Hannequin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Transient Global Amnesia ◽  
Abrupt Onset ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Global Amnesia ◽  
The Impact

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the abrupt onset of a massive episodic memory deficit that spares other cognitive functions. If the anterograde dimension is known to be impaired in TGA, researchers have yet to investigate prospective memory (PM)—which involves remembering to perform an intended action at some point in the future—in this syndrome. Furthermore, as executive functions are thought to be spared in this syndrome, TGA provides an opportunity to examine the impact of a massive “pure” memory impairment on PM. We assessed 38 patients with a newly designed protocol that distinguished between the prospective (remembering to do something at the appropriate time) and retrospective (remembering what has to be done) components of PM. Moreover, we investigated episodic memory with an anterograde memory task and assessed executive functions, anxiety and mood, as well as their links with PM. We demonstrated that PM is impaired during TGA, with a greater deficit for the retrospective component than for the prospective component. Furthermore, we highlighted a strong link between these two components. Anterograde episodic memory impairments were correlated with retrospective component deficits in TGA patients, although we were able to confirm that executive functions are globally spared. We discuss this pattern of results within the theoretical framework of PM, putting forward new arguments in favor of the idea that PM deficits can occur mainly because of a massive anterograde memory deficit. The clinical consequences of PM impairment in TGA are examined.

Do You Remember? How Caregivers Question Their Spouses Who Have Alzheimer’s Disease and the Impact on Communication

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff A. Small ◽  
JoAnn Perry
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Positive Communication ◽  
Communication Breakdown ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Communication Outcome

This study examined the types of questions caregivers use and their outcomes when conversing with their spouse with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Of particular interest was caregivers’ use of yes-no and open-ended questions and the demands they make on the memory of the person with AD. It was hypothesized that communication between caregivers and their spouses would be more successful when caregivers used yes-no rather than open-ended questions; however, it was also predicted that a more positive communication outcome would occur when caregivers used open-ended questions that requested information from semantic rather than episodic memory. Eighteen caregivers and their spouses diagnosed with AD were audiotaped while they conversed for approximately 10 min on a topic of their choosing. The conversations were transcribed and coded according to the occurrence of questions, the type of question (yes-no, choice, or open-ended), the type of memory required to respond to a question (semantic or episodic), and the outcome of a response to a question (communication breakdown). The results indicated that caregivers used yes-no and open-ended questions to a similar extent, whereas episodic questions were used almost twice as frequently as semantic questions. Communication was more successful when caregivers used yes-no compared with open-ended questions and when questions placed demands on semantic rather than episodic memory. The findings from this study suggest that caregivers can reduce communication problems by avoiding the use of questions that depend on episodic memory. In addition, while yes-no questions were associated with more favorable outcomes than open-ended questions, the latter do not need to be avoided if they refer to information that draws only on semantic memory.

scholarly journals The impact of dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) on neural correlates of episodic memory encoding and retrieval

2009 ◽  
pp. NA-NA
Author(s):  
Markus Thimm ◽  
Axel Krug ◽  
Valentin Markov ◽  
Sören Krach ◽  
Andreas Jansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

Interaction between attentional systems and episodic memory encoding: the impact of conflict on binding of information

2017 ◽  
Vol 235 (12) ◽  
pp. 3553-3560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Sperduti ◽  
Allan Armougum ◽  
Dominique Makowski ◽  
Philippe Blondé ◽  
Pascale Piolino
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Lifestyle, glucose regulation and the cognitive effects of glucose load in middle-aged adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1128-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh M. Riby ◽  
Jennifer McLaughlin ◽  
Deborah M. Riby
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Glucose Regulation ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
The Impact

Interventions aimed at improving glucose regulatory mechanisms have been suggested as a possible source of cognitive enhancement in the elderly. In particular, previous research has identified episodic memory as a target for facilitation after either moderate increases in glycaemia (after a glucose drink) or after improvements in glucose regulation. The present study aimed to extend this research by examining the joint effects of glucose ingestion and glucose regulation on cognition. In addition, risk factors associated with the development of poor glucose regulation in middle-aged adults were considered. In a repeated measures design, thirty-three middle-aged adults (aged 35–55 years) performed a battery of memory and non-memory tasks after either 25 g or 50 g glucose or a sweetness matched placebo drink. To assess the impact of individual differences in glucose regulation, blood glucose measurements were taken on four occasions during testing. A lifestyle and diet questionnaire was also administered. Consistent with previous research, episodic memory ability benefited from glucose ingestion when task demands were high. Blood glucose concentration was also found to predict performance across a number of cognitive domains. Interestingly, the risk factors associated with poor glucose regulation were linked to dietary impacts traditionally associated with poor health, e.g. the consumption of high-sugar sweets and drinks. The research replicates earlier work suggesting that task demands are critical to the glucose facilitation effect. Importantly, the data demonstrate clear associations between elevated glycaemia and relatively poor cognitive performance, which may be partly due to the effect of dietary and lifestyle factors.

scholarly journals The Impact of Glycemic Load on Cognitive Performance in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 905-905
Author(s):  
Chantelle Gaylor ◽  
Hayley Young ◽  
David Benton
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Word List ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives A systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effects of high (HGL) and low glycemic load (LGL) breakfasts on the cognitive performance of adults. In particular, the time after eating that cognition was assessed and the influence of pre-existing glucose tolerance (GT) were considered. Methods A systematic search for randomized and non-randomized acute breakfast studies was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Data were available from 15 studies (1,100 participants, age 20–80 years). Episodic memory (e.g., word list recall), working memory (e.g., Serial Sevens), and attention/vigilance (e.g., Trails Part A) were examined. Better and poorer GT were defined as fasting glucose < or > 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) and/or two-hour postprandial glucose < or > 7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). All analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 (Cochrane) and a random-effects model. Results Five to 110 minutes after eating a HGL or LGL breakfast there were no differences cognition. However, between 120 and 195 minutes, immediate episodic memory was significantly better following a LGL breakfast (SMD = 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –0.00–0.32, P = 0.05, I2 = 0%). Pre-existing glucose tolerance (GT) status moderated this effect. In those with better GT, immediate episodic memory was significantly better following a LGL breakfast (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.00–0.52, P = 0.05, I2 = 0%), whereas there was no difference in those with poorer GT (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI = –0.21–0.45, P = 0.47, I2 = 0%). Conclusions A LGL breakfast improved memory later in the morning, especially in those with better GT. The phenomenon is unlikely to occur in pre-diabetics or type 2 diabetics and as such there are no clinical implications. There is, however, a possibility of exploring the nature of breakfast, or developing functional foods, to improve memory and work performance. If a similar phenomenon was found in children, there could be positive consequences for school performance. Funding Sources This study was not funded.

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