Cultural evolutionary theories have proposed that prosocial religious traditions can facilitate societal complexity and large-scale cooperation among strangers, in part, through the culturally transmitted belief in morally concerned supernatural entities. Although a growing number of studies have documented an association between commitment to moralizing deities or forces and increased prosocial behavior, few studies have directly examined mental representations of supernaturally monitored morality, as they are reflected in world religions as conceptions of karma and God. In seven samples (total N= 3861), we use an open-ended free-list task to investigate participants’ mental representations of God and karma, among culturally diverse samples from the USA and India, including Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, and non-religious participants. Key results showed that (1) there is substantial consensus among believers that actions relevant to interpersonal cooperation (e.g., generosity, harm, fairness, and honesty) are highly relevant to both karma and God beliefs; however, (2) God is prototypically represented as a personified, social agent, who believers have a devotional relationship with, whereas karma is more commonly conceived of as a non-agentic causal process, through which moral actions generate commensurate good and bad consequences; (3) God—but not karma—is expected to reward and punish acts of religious devotion, in addition to the harm and fairness norms that characterize interpersonal prosociality; and (4) karma—much more than God—is expected to reward generosity and punish greed. These findings show how culturally-constructed religious beliefs shape expectations about the consequence of moral behavior.