The role of exhumation in metamorphic dehydration and fluid production

Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by a dynamic imbalance between the formation (production) and absorption of spinal fluid resulting in an increase in the size of the ventricular spaces. New techniques used to study the chemistry and physics of cerebrospinal fluid production, flow and absorption have led to new insights into the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus and other abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. The importance of research into the role of aquaporins, other channel types and absorption of CSF into the systemic circulation via the lymphatics and intraparenchymal veins opens alternative explanations for enigmatic disorders of CSF. A contemporary classification of hydrocephalus based on the point of restriction of CSF flow has been shown to explain all problems related to clinical disorders of CSF and intracranial pressure. The distinct differences between hydrocephalus which develops in babies with growing heads and those that become symptomatic later in life.

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Diatrizoate Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Following Intravenous Administration Role of Fluid Production Rate

Investigative Radiology ◽

10.1097/00004424-198805000-00009 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 377-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

PHILLIP P. HARNISH ◽

FRANCES K. NORTHINGTON ◽

KATHIANN A. SAMUEL

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Production Rate ◽

Intravenous Administration ◽

Fluid Production

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Choroidal Proteins Involved in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production may be Potential Drug Targets for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy

Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.4137/pmc.s6509 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. PMC.S6509 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Peter Wostyn ◽

Kurt Audenaert ◽

Peter Paul De Deyn

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Late Onset ◽

Future Research ◽

Caffeine Consumption ◽

Research Attention ◽

Fluid Production ◽

Β Amyloid

Alzheimer's disease is known to be the most common form of dementia in the elderly. It is clinically characterized by impairment of cognitive functions, as well as changes in personality, behavioral disturbances and an impaired ability to perform activities of daily living. To date, there are no effective ways to cure or reverse the disease. Genetic studies of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease cases revealed causative mutations in the genes encoding β-amyloid precursor protein and the γ-secretase-complex components presenilin-1 and presenilin-2, supporting an important role of β-amyloid in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Compromised function of the choroid plexus and defective cerebrospinal fluid production and turnover, with diminished clearance of β-amyloid, may play an important role in late-onset forms of Alzheimer's disease. If reduced cerebrospinal fluid turnover is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, then therapeutic strategies to improve cerebrospinal fluid flow are reasonable. However, the role of deficient cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in Alzheimer's disease and the relevance of choroidal proteins as potential therapeutic targets to enhance cerebrospinal fluid turnover have received relatively little research attention. In this paper, we discuss several choroidal proteins, such as Na+-K+ ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, and aquaporin 1, that may be targets for pharmacological up-regulation of cerebrospinal fluid formation. The search for potentially beneficial drugs useful to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by facilitating cerebrospinal fluid production and turnover may be an important area for future research. However, the ultimate utility of such modulators in the management of Alzheimer's disease remains to be determined. Here, we hypothesize that caffeine, the most commonly used psychoactive drug in the world, may be an attractive therapeutic candidate for treatment of Alzheimer's disease since long-term caffeine consumption may augment cerebrospinal fluid production. Other potential mechanisms of cognitive protection by caffeine have been suggested by recent studies.

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Fluid production in malignant pleurisy - The role of the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems

Lung Cancer ◽

10.1016/0169-5002(91)92021-a ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

V Agrenius ◽

M Blombäck ◽

J Chiemlewska ◽

C Widström

Keyword(s):

Fluid Production ◽

Malignant Pleurisy

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Cerebrospinal Fluid, Brain Electrolytes Balance, and the Unsuspected Intrinsic Property of Melanin to Dissociate the Water Molecule

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527317666180904093430 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 743-756 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arturo Solís Herrera ◽

Ghulam Md Ashraf ◽

María del Carmen Arias Esparza ◽

Vadim V. Tarasov ◽

Vladimir N. Chubarev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Intrinsic Property ◽

Fluid Secretion ◽

Current View ◽

Formidable Challenge ◽

Fluid Production ◽

Fluid Transfer ◽

The Brain

Background & Objective: Regulation of composition, volume and turnover of fluids surrounding the brain and damp cells is vital. These fluids transport all substances required for cells and remove the unwanted materials. This regulation tends to act as barrier to prevent free exchange of materials between the brain and blood. There are specific mechanisms concerned with fluid secretion of the controlled composition of the brain, and others responsible for reabsorption eventually to blood and the extracellular fluid whatever their composition is. The current view assumes that choroidal plexuses secrete the major part of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), while the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) has a much less contribution to fluid production, generating Interstitial Fluid (ISF) that drains to CSF. The skull is a rigid box; thereby the sum of volumes occupied by the parenchyma with its ISF, related connective tissue, the vasculature, the meninges and the CSF must be relatively constant according to the Monroe-Kellie dogma. This constitutes a formidable challenge that normal organisms surpass daily. The ISF and CSF provide water and solutes influx and efflux from cells to these targeted fluids in a quite precise way. Microvessels within the parenchyma are sufficiently close to every cell where diffusion areas for solutes are tiny. Despite this, CSF and ISF exhibit very similar compositions, but differ significantly from blood plasma. Many hydrophilic substances are effectively prevented from the entry into the brain via blood, while others like neurotransmitters are extremely hindered from getting out of the brain. Anatomical principle of the barrier and routes of fluid transfer cannot explain the extraordinary accuracy of fluids and substances needed to enter or leave the brain firmly. There is one aspect that has not been deeply analyzed, despite being prevalent in all the above processes, it is considered a part of the CSF and ISF dynamics. This aspect is the energy necessary to propel them properly in time, form, space, quantity and temporality. Conclusion: The recent hypothesis based on glucose and ATP as sources of energy presents numerous contradictions and controversies. The discovery of the unsuspected intrinsic ability of melanin to dissociate and reform water molecules, similar to the role of chlorophyll in plants, was confirmed in the study of ISF and CSF biology.

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Role of NaCl cotransport in cerebrospinal fluid production: effects of loop diuretics

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.795 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 795-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

S. Javaheri

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Choroid Plexus ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Reasonable Assumption ◽

Cerebral Ventricles ◽

Fluid Production ◽

Production Effects ◽

Nacl Cotransport ◽

Csf Production

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted primarily by the choroid plexus (CP) located in the cerebral ventricles. Although much is known about ionic composition of cisternal CSF, the mechanisms involved in secretion of CSF in mammals are still not understood. The main aim of this report is to critically review the role of NaCl cotransport carrier in CSF production. On the basis of the studies in the literature, a model for CSF production by the CP is proposed. In this model, CP cells are assumed to be equipped with an NaCl cotransport carrier located on the basolateral (blood-facing) membrane. Because Na+ and Cl- are the two principal ions in CSF, their continued secretions into cerebral ventricles by CP cells require an adequate intracellular supply, which may be guaranteed by the NaCl cotransport carrier. Although this appears to be a reasonable assumption, making the processes involved in CSF production similar to those of other secretory epithelial cells, the presence of such a carrier in mammalian CP remains controversial. The reasons for this controversy are critically reviewed, and some suggestions for further studies are made.

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Prospects for using agonists and antagonists of P2 receptors in clinical ophthalmology

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kmj1880 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 508-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A P Ziganshina ◽

B A Ziganshin ◽

A N Samoilov ◽

A U Ziganshin

Keyword(s):

P2 Receptors ◽

Point Of View ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Age Related ◽

Corneal Wound ◽

Clinical Point ◽

Fluid Production ◽

Neuronal Transmission ◽

Stimulation Of

This literature review focuses on the role of purinergic P2-receptors in the physiology and pathophysiology of the eye, as well as on the possibilities of pharmacologic stimulation of these receptors. The most important studies from the clinical point of view on the involvement of purinergic neuronal transmission in the physiological processes have been analyzed, ranging from normal embryogenesis to cell apoptosis in age-related degenerative diseases of the eye. Data on the effect of agonists and antagonists of P2 receptors on corneal wound healing, lacrimal fluid production, regulation of intraocular pressure, neurotransmission, proliferation of glial tissue in the retina has been presented along with data on the possibilities of modulating these processes by using potential drugs acting via P2 receptors.

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Role of gap junctions in fluid secretion of lacrimal glands

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.00004.2001 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 282 (3) ◽

pp. C501-C507 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Benjamin Walcott ◽

Leon C. Moore ◽

Aija Birzgalis ◽

Nidia Claros ◽

Virginijus Valiunas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gap Junctions ◽

Fluid Secretion ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Cell Coupling ◽

Lacrimal Glands ◽

Liver And Pancreas ◽

Fluid Production ◽

Deficient Mice ◽

Different Doses

In glands such as the liver and pancreas, gap junctions containing connexin 26 and 32 (Cx26 and Cx32, respectively) couple the secretory cells. Uncoupling these junctions compromises the secretory function of these glands. Lacrimal glands also contain extensive arrays of gap junctions consisting of Cx26 and Cx32. We wanted to determine the role of these junctions in fluid secretion. In Cx32-deficient mice, immunocytochemistry showed that, in the male lacrimal gland, the remaining Cx26 was found evenly distributed in the membrane whereas there was little in the membranes of female glands. Western blot analysis of Cx26 showed that female Cx32-deficient mice expressed Cx26. Patch-clamp analyses of acinar cell coupling showed that the cell pairs from male glands were coupled whereas those from female glands were not. Stimulated fluid production by the glands from Cx32-deficient mice was abnormally low in female glands compared with controls at low topical doses of carbachol. The protein secretory response to different doses of carbachol was the same in all animals. These data suggest that gap junctions are essential for optimal fluid secretion in lacrimal glands.

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