scholarly journals Inside out: microbiota dynamics during host-plant adaptation of whiteflies

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Santos-Garcia ◽  
Natividad Mestre-Rincon ◽  
Einat Zchori-Fein ◽  
Shai Morin
Keyword(s):  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Active Core ◽  
Host Plant Adaptation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Inside Out

AbstractWhile most insect herbivores are selective feeders, a small proportion of them feed on a wide range of plants. This polyphagous habit requires overcoming a remarkable array of defenses, which often necessitates an adaptation period. Efforts for understanding the mechanisms involved mostly focus on the insect’s phenotypic plasticity. Here, we hypothesized that the adaptation process might partially rely on transient associations with bacteria. To test this, we followed in a field-like experiment, the adaptation process of Bemisia tabaci, a generalist sap feeder, to pepper (a less-suitable host), after switching from watermelon (a suitable host). Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA transcripts from hundreds of dissected guts revealed the presence of active “core” and “transient” bacterial communities, dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and increasing differences between populations grown on watermelon and pepper. Insects grown on pepper for over two generations presented a significant increase in specific genera, mainly Mycobacterium, with a predicted enrichment in degradative pathways of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites. This result correlated with a significant increase in the insect’s survival on pepper. Taken together, our findings suggest that gut-associated bacteria can provide an additional flexible metabolic “tool-box” to generalist sap feeders for facilitating a quick host switching process.

scholarly journals Biodegradation Potential and Diversity of Diclofenac-degrading Microbiota in an Immobilized Cell Biofilter

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstathia Navrozidou ◽  
Nikolaos Remmas ◽  
Paraschos Melidis ◽  
Dimitrios G. Karpouzas ◽  
George Tsiamis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Rhodopseudomonas Palustris ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Immobilized Cell ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Ph Decrease

Despite that diclofenac has been embodied to the European watch list of priority substances of concern, studies on diclofenac biodegradation are limited and the diversity of diclofenac-degrading microbiota remains unknown. In this work, an immobilized cell biofilter was constructed and operated to evaluate its effectiveness to depurate high strength diclofenac wastewater and to identify the diclofenac-degrading community accommodated in activated sludge by employing high-throughput sequencing techniques. After a two-month adaptation period, biofilter removal efficiencies reached values as high as 97.63 ± 0.62%, whereas utilization of diclofenac in the immobilized cell biofilter led to a drastic pH decrease. Based on Illumina sequencing, the major bacterial taxa identified in the immobilized cell biofilter were members of the species Granulicella pectinivorans and Rhodanobacter terrae, followed by members of the species Castellaniella denitrificans, Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Bordetella petrii, Bryocella elongata and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The ability of such taxa to utilize a wide range of carbon sources and to effectively adapt under acidic conditions seemed to be the main parameters, which favored their prevalence in the immobilized cell biofilter. In addition, Wickerhamiella was the predominant fungal taxon in the immobilized cell biofilter, which appears to be actively involved in diclofenac degradation in activated sludge systems.

Compressibility Effects on the Two Generations of Unsteady Flow Types in Axial Flow Compressors

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinqian Zhen ◽  
Sheng Zhou ◽  
Anping Hou ◽  
Jinsong Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Unsteady Flow ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Separated Flows ◽  
Design System ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Flow Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Axial Flow Compressors

There occurred unsteady separated flows inside axial flow compressors, which was however not taken into consideration in the present aerodynamic design system. This discrepancy indicates that the potential underlying unsteady separated flows is yet to be explored, hence the present research team proposes the concept of two generations of unsteady flow types, i.e. Unsteady Natural Flow Type (UNFT) and Unsteady Cooperative Flow Type (UCFT). Numerical simulations are carried out in the present paper to study the compressibility effect on the unsteady cooperative flow type in axial flow compressors. The studies show that aerodynamic performances are remarkably enhanced by means of transforming the flow type from UNFT into UCFT by imposing unsteady excitations. In the case of 2D subsonic cascade, performances are greatly improved in a wide range of Ma number (Ma < 0.8) and the maximum relative reduction of the loss coefficient reaches 40.2%. In the case of 2D trans-supersonic cascade, positive effects can’t be captured. However, in the case of a 3D trans-supersonic single rotor, the adiabatic efficiency is increased from 87.0% to 90.2%.

scholarly journals Microbiota Analysis of an Environmental Slurry and Its Potential Role as a Reservoir of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstine Klitgaard ◽  
Mikael L. Strube ◽  
Anastasia Isbrand ◽  
Tim K. Jensen ◽  
Martin W. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Digital Dermatitis ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Route Of Transmission

ABSTRACT At present, very little information exists regarding what role the environmental slurry may play as an infection reservoir and/or route of transmission for bovine digital dermatitis (DD), a disease which is a global problem in dairy herds. To investigate whether DD-related bacteria belong to the indigenous microbiota of the dairy herd environment, we used deep amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in 135 slurry samples collected from different sites in 22 dairy farms, with and without DD-infected cows. Both the general bacterial populations and digital dermatitis-associated Treponema were targeted in this study. The results revealed significant differences in the bacterial communities between the herds, with only 12 bacterial taxa shared across at least 80% of all the individual samples. These differences in the herd microbiota appeared to reflect mainly between-herd variation. Not surprisingly, the slurry was dominated by ubiquitous gastrointestinal bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Despite the low relative abundance of spirochetes, which ranged from 0 to 0.6%, we were able to detect small amounts of bacterial DNA from DD-associated treponemes in the slurry. However, the DD-associated Treponema spp. were detected only in samples from herds with reported DD problems. These data indicate that treponemes involved in the pathogenesis of DD are not part of the normal environmental microflora in dairy herds without clinical DD and, consequently, that slurry is not a primary reservoir of infection. IMPORTANCE Bovine digital dermatitis (DD), a dermal disease which causes lameness in dairy cattle, is a serious problem worldwide. To control this disease, the infection reservoirs and transmission routes of DD pathogens need to be clarified. The dairy herd slurry may be a pathogen reservoir of DD-associated bacteria. The rationale for the present study was, therefore, to examine whether DD-associated bacteria are always present in slurry or if they are found only in DD-afflicted herds. The results strongly indicated that DD Treponema spp. are not part of the indigenous slurry and, therefore, do not comprise an infection reservoir in healthy herds. This study applied next-generation sequencing technology to decipher the microbial compositions of environmental slurry of dairy herds with and without digital dermatitis.

Experiences in Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy in Families with two Children with Type 1 diabetes: A Qualitative Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (03) ◽  
pp. 162-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Bomba ◽  
Esther Müller-Godeffroy ◽  
Simone von Sengbusch
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Peer Relations ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Pump Therapy ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
To Come

Abstract Background Caring for a child with type 1 diabetes is a tremendous challenge for a family. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of transition to sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAP) in families with 2 affected children and the internal and external conditions which potentially impede or facilitate the adjustment process. Methods 5 families (9 parents, 8 children and adolescents) who used the SAP technology for 6 months were interviewed to describe their experiences. The interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis. Results Qualitative analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed that the adaptation process to SAP consisted of several phases and differed among families. There were benefits as well as hassles of using SAP with regard to managing the diabetes, and psychosocial issues: school and peer relations, as well as family relations. While parents clearly regarded the improved metabolic control and hypoglycaemic safety as the most important benefits of SAP, the hassles reported as most important covered a wide range, from technical problems of the system to family conflicts. On the whole, families rated the experience of using SAP as a positive one, with most recommending SAP to other families as long as they were willing to come to terms with the technology and commit to the work and time involved. Conclusion Sensor-augmented pump therapy can be extremely beneficial and a resource for families who care for more than one child with diabetes. During the adaptation process there is a great need of education and frequent follow-up e. g., by telemedical support.

scholarly journals Investigating Bacterial and Free-Living Protozoa Diversity in Biofilms of Hot Water Pipes of Apartment Buildings in the City of Riga (Latvia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiba Vilne ◽  
Lelde Grantiņa-Ieviņa ◽  
Juris Ķibilds ◽  
Artjoms Mališevs ◽  
Genadijs Konvisers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Strictly Aerobic ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Biofilms, when formed on the surfaces of water pipes, can be responsible for a wide range of water quality and operational problems. We sought to assess the bacterial and free-living protozoa (FLP) diversity, in relation to the presence of Legionnaire's disease-causing bacteria Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) in 45 biofilms of hot water distribution system pipes of apartment buildings in Riga, the capital city of Latvia.Results: 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (metataxonomics) revealed that each biofilm contained 224 rather evenly distributed bacterial genera and that most common and most abundant were two genera, completely opposites in terms of their oxygen requirements: the obligately anaerobic Thermodesulfovibrio and the strictly aerobic Phenylobacterium. Water temperature and north-south axis (i.e., different primary water sources) displayed the most significant effect on the inter-sample variations, allowing us to re-construct three sub-networks (modules) of co-occurring genera, one involving (potentially FLP-derived) Legionella spp. Pangenome-based functional profile predictions suggested that all three may be dominated by pathways related to the development and maintenance of biofilms, including quorum sensing and nutrient transport, as well as the utilization of various energy sources, such as carbon and nitrogen. In our 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing data, potential hosts of L. pneumophila were detected in 11 out of 12 biofilm samples analyzed, however, in many cases, their relative abundance was very low (<1%). By validating our findings using culture-based methods, we detected L. pneumophila (serogroups 2, 3, 6 and 9) in nine (20%) biofilms, whereas FLP (mostly Acanthamoeba, Vahlkampfidae and Vermamoeba spp.) were present in six (~13%) biofilms. In two biofilms, L. pneumophila and its potential hosts were detected simultaneously, using culture-based methods.Conclusions: Overall, our study sheds light on the community diversity of hot water biofilms and predicts how several environmental factors, such as water temperature and source might shape it.

scholarly journals MYBPC3 Haplotype Linked to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-367
Author(s):  
Robert F Oldt ◽  
Kimberly J Bussey ◽  
Matthew L Settles ◽  
Joseph N Fass ◽  
Jeffrey A Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorder ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Risk Haplotype ◽  
Wide Range

In humans, abnormal thickening of the left ventricle of the heart clinically defines hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a common inherited cardiovascular disorder that can precede a sudden cardiac death event. The wide range of clinical presentations in HCM obscures genetic variants that may influence an individual's susceptibility to sudden cardiac death. Although exon sequencing of major sarcomere genes can be used to detect high-impact causal mutations, this strategy is successful in only half of patient cases. The incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a managed research colony of rhesus macaques provides an excellent comparative model in which to explore the genomic etiology of severe HCM and sudden cardiac death. Because no rhesus HCM-associated mutations have been reported, we used a next-generation genotyping assay that targets 7 sarcomeric rhesus genes within 63 genomic sites that are orthologous to human genomic regions known to harbor HCM disease variants. Amplicon sequencing was performed on 52 macaques with confirmed LVH and 42 unrelated, unaffected animals representing both the Indian and Chinese rhesus macaque subspecies. Bias-reduced logistic regression uncovered a risk haplotype in the rhesus MYBPC3 gene, which is frequently disrupted in both human and feline HCM; this haplotype implicates an intronic variant strongly associated with disease in either homozygous or carrier form. Our results highlight that leveraging evolutionary genomic data provides a unique, practical strategy for minimizing population bias in complex disease studies.

scholarly journals Assessing anaerobic gut fungal (Neocalliamstigomycota) diversity using PacBio D1/D2 LSU rRNA amplicon sequencing and multi-year isolation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radwa A. Hanafy ◽  
Britny Johnson ◽  
Noha H. Youssef ◽  
Mostafa S. Elshahed
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Its1 Region ◽  
5.8S Rrna ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Pacbio Smrt Sequencing

AbstractThe anaerobic gut fungi (AGF, Neocallimastigomycota) reside in the alimentary tracts of herbivores where they play a central role in the breakdown of ingested plant material. Accurate assessment of AGF diversity has been hampered by inherent deficiencies of the internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1) region as a phylogenetic marker. Here, we report on the development and implementation of the D1/D2 region of the large ribosomal subunit (D1/D2 LSU) as a novel marker for assessing AGF diversity in culture-independent surveys. Sequencing a 1.4-1.5 Kbp amplicon encompassing the ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2-D1/D2 LSU region in the ribosomal RNA locus from fungal strains and environmental samples generated a reference D1/D2 LSU database for all cultured AGF genera, as well as the majority of candidate genera encountered in prior ITS1-based diversity surveys. Subsequently, a D1/D2 LSU-based diversity survey using long read PacBio SMRT sequencing technology was conducted on fecal samples from 21 wild and domesticated herbivores. Twenty-eight genera and candidate genera were identified in the 17.7 K sequences obtained, including multiple novel lineages that were predominantly, but not exclusively, identified in wild herbivores. Association between certain AGF genera and animal lifestyles, or animal host family was observed. Finally, to address the current paucity of AGF isolates, concurrent isolation efforts utilizing multiple approaches to maximize recovery yielded 216 isolates belonging to twelve different genera, several of which have no prior cultured-representatives. Our results establish the utility of D1/D2 LSU and PacBio sequencing for AGF diversity surveys, and the culturability of a wide range of AGF taxa, and demonstrate that wild herbivores represent a yet-untapped reservoir of AGF diversity.

scholarly journals PEDAGOGIC SUPPORT FOR PROFESSIONAL ADAPTATION OF YOUNG OFFICERS: DIRECTIONS AND CONDITIONS OF ORGANISATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 168-173
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Zhukovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Professional Activity ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
Military Unit ◽  
Military Control ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military

The article deals with issues related to the study of the problem space of the phenomenon of «professional adaptation of young offi cers», the study of the possibilities of pedagogic support for military specialists in the adaptation process in the conditions of its organisation in the military unit. Topicality of this direction is determined by the high social signifi cance of military work, the special nature of its organisation and implementation, which requires increasing the effi ciency of the process and the result of professional adaptation of young military specialists who are able to quickly «enter» a new professional environment, updating their personal and professional competences and qualities necessary to ensure the success of professional activities in the military environment in the framework of the implementation of functions for offi cial purpose in accordance with the requirements. Theoretical analysis of scientifi c works devoted to the problem of professional adaptation of the individual is carried out, the content and procedural characteristics of this phenomenon are determined, and its signifi cance for increasing the effi ciency of professional activity of military specialists is updated. On the basis of the conducted research, the spectrum of diffi culties that arise in young offi cers during the adaptation period, located within the boundaries of the problem fi elds of service-organisational, psychophysiological, communicative, social and household components of professional work, is revealed. It is established that increasing the effectiveness of professional adaptation of young offi cers and minimising the diffi culties that arise is possible with the use of mechanisms of pedagogic support of the individual in the adaptation process, implemented at various levels of management of the military unit with the involvement of its resource potential. A set of conditions aimed at providing pedagogic support to young offi cers during the adaptation period, which contribute to improving its effectiveness, is identifi ed. The results of the study established that the organisation of systematic work on the pedagogic support of professional adaptation of young military specialists, implemented at various levels of military control in the framework of the indicated conditions is an important factor in achieving personal and professional success of young offi cers, their development in space military environment.

Development of cyanobacterial application methods for soil protection and restoration: case studies in Australian drylands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. Jiménez-González ◽  
Jose Raul Roman ◽  
Yolanda Canton ◽  
Gonzalo Almendros ◽  
Angela M. Chilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Degraded Soil ◽  
North West ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Inoculation

<p>Land degradation, as a result of increased soil erosion and loss of fertility among other factors, is currently one of the most serious environmental problems. In recent years, the role of cyanobacteria from soil biocrusts in re-establishing soil function of degraded areas is gaining interest due to the potential of these organisms for soil stabilization and increase of soil fertility. In order to fully exploit the use of cyanobacteria in large-scale restoration of degraded lands, new approaches that facilitate their application must be explored in order to face with the harsh abiotic conditions of these environments. In this presentation, we showcase two different methods for the inoculation of cyanobacteria from soil biocrust in degraded soils of Australian dryland ecosystems: i) direct inoculation of cyanobacteria cultures and ii) incorporation of cyanobacteria within extruded pellets. Three soil native cyanobacterial strains from two representative N-fixing genera (Nostoc and Scytonema) and a non-heterocystous filamentous genus (Leptolyngbya) previously collected from the Pilbara region (north-west Western Australia), were used as inoculum. Then, in a multifactorial microcosm experiment under laboratory conditions, we evaluated the survival and establishment of the cyanobacteria for both methods. For the direct inoculation, cultures of isolated cyanobacteria and a mixture of them were applied as a liquid inoculum directly into a degraded soil from the Pilbara. In the case of application using extruded pellets, fresh cultures of each strain alone and an equal mixed of them were added into a substrate composed of commercial bentonite powder and sand (1:10 weight ratio). The composed solution was extruded through a jerky gun with an extruder nozzle into pellets (1 cm diameter x 2 cm length) and dried at 30<sup>o</sup>C for 24h. Pellets were then placed on the surface of three different degraded soils representative of Australian drylands: a mine waste from an active mine site in the Pilbara, a degraded soil from the Cobar Peneplain (New South Wales), and a soil from the Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (South Australia). In both experiments, cyanobacteria growth and establishment were monitored. Our results showed that in both treatments cyanobacteria colonize almost the entire Petri dish surface in all treatments. Furthermore, the levels of chlorophyll a (a proxy for cyanobacterial biomass) remained constant on inoculated samples during the study period, suggesting that cyanobacteria survived the pelleting process. In the case of direct inoculation, a decrease of chlorophyll a was observed in the beginning but then it stabilized and started to increase at the final stage of the experiment. This process may be due to the adaptation period of the cyanobacteria in the new environment, which is most progressive in the case of pellets application. Overall, our results showed that cyanobacteria can be successfully applied as a liquid inoculum and incorporated into extruded pellets, quickly colonizing degraded soi substrates. These technologies are ready for further testing and refining through field trials, opening a wide range of opportunities to face with large scale restoration programs.</p>

scholarly journals Indoor-Biofilter Growth and Exposure to Airborne Chemicals Drive Similar Changes in Plant Root Bacterial Communities

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (16) ◽  
pp. 4805-4813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Russell ◽  
Yi Hu ◽  
Linh Chau ◽  
Margarita Pauliushchyk ◽  
Ioannis Anastopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Content Type ◽  
16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Strains

ABSTRACTDue to the long durations spent inside by many humans, indoor air quality has become a growing concern. Biofiltration has emerged as a potential mechanism to clean indoor air of harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are typically found at concentrations higher indoors than outdoors. Root-associated microbes are thought to drive the functioning of plant-based biofilters, or biowalls, converting VOCs into biomass, energy, and carbon dioxide, but little is known about the root microbial communities of such artificially grown plants, how or whether they differ from those of plants grown in soil, and whether any changes in composition are driven by VOCs. In this study, we investigated how bacterial communities on biofilter plant roots change over time and in response to VOC exposure. Through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we compared root bacterial communities from soil-grown plants with those from two biowalls, while also comparing communities from roots exposed to clean versus VOC-laden air in a laboratory biofiltration system. The results showed differences in bacterial communities between soil-grown and biowall-grown plants and between bacterial communities from plant roots exposed to clean air and those from VOC-exposed plant roots. Both biowall-grown and VOC-exposed roots harbored enriched levels of bacteria from the genusHyphomicrobium. Given their known capacities to break down aromatic and halogenated compounds, we hypothesize that these bacteria are important VOC degraders. While different strains ofHyphomicrobiumproliferated in the two studied biowalls and our lab experiment, strains were shared across plant species, suggesting that a wide range of ornamental houseplants harbor similar microbes of potential use in living biofilters.

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