scholarly journals Neural contributors to trauma resilience: a review of longitudinal neuroimaging studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa R. Roeckner ◽  
Katelyn I. Oliver ◽  
Lauren A. M. Lebois ◽  
Sanne J. H. van Rooij ◽  
Jennifer S. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Stress Resilience ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Life Stressor ◽  
Threat Cues ◽  
And Function

AbstractResilience in the face of major life stressors is changeable over time and with experience. Accordingly, differing sets of neurobiological factors may contribute to an adaptive stress response before, during, and after the stressor. Longitudinal studies are therefore particularly effective in answering questions about the determinants of resilience. Here we provide an overview of the rapidly-growing body of longitudinal neuroimaging research on stress resilience. Despite lingering gaps and limitations, these studies are beginning to reveal individual differences in neural circuit structure and function that appear protective against the emergence of future psychopathology following a major life stressor. Here we outline a neural circuit model of resilience to trauma. Specifically, pre-trauma biomarkers of resilience show that an ability to modulate activity within threat and salience networks predicts fewer stress-related symptoms. In contrast, early post-trauma biomarkers of subsequent resilience or recovery show a more complex pattern, spanning a number of major circuits including attention and cognitive control networks as well as primary sensory cortices. This novel synthesis suggests stress resilience may be scaffolded by stable individual differences in the processing of threat cues, and further buttressed by post-trauma adaptations to the stressor that encompass multiple mechanisms and circuits. More attention and resources supporting this work will inform the targets and timing of mechanistic resilience-boosting interventions.

Cancer-related fatigue: an overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. S36-S43
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al Maqbali
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Cancer Related Fatigue ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
Life Stressor

A diagnosis of cancer is a major life stressor that can affect the physiological, psychological and physical state of the person concerned. Fatigue is a particularly common and troubling symptom that has a negative impact on quality of life throughout all phases of treatment and stages of the illness. The aim of this review is to provide background information on cancer-related fatigue. This review discusses cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in terms of the definition, prevalence, risk factors, aetiology, and the measurement scales used. The differences between definitions of symptoms and relevant theories will be explored and discussed to help explain the variety of instruments used in its measurement. The prevalence of fatigue will be assessed by looking critically at the evidence of fatigue and the factors that affect it. Potential treatment and management strategies for CRF will also be discussed. Finally, there will be an overview of the instruments used to measure fatigue. This review also provides important evidence for measuring and managing CRF that can help nurses to understand fatigue among patients with cancer. Assessing CRF should be routinely undertaken in clinical settings to help identify the proper interventions, treatments and management to reduce fatigue among cancer patients.

scholarly journals Testing Invariance of Measures of Internalizing Symptoms Before and After a Major Life Stressor: The Impact of COVID-19 in an Adolescent and Young Adult Sample

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112110153
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Olino ◽  
Julia A. C. Case ◽  
Mariah T. Hawes ◽  
Aline Szenczy ◽  
Brady Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Longitudinal Measurement Invariance ◽  
Longitudinal Measurement ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Life Stressor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Consistent Support

There are reports of increases in levels of internalizing psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these studies presume that measurement properties of these constructs remained unchanged from before the pandemic. In this study, we examined longitudinal measurement invariance of assessments of depression, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in adolescents and young adults from ongoing longitudinal studies. We found consistent support for configural and metric invariance across all constructs, but scalar invariance was unsupported for depression and IU. Thus, it is necessary to interpret pandemic-associated mean-level changes in depression and IU cautiously. In contrast, mean-level comparisons of panic, generalized, and social anxiety symptoms were not compromised. These findings are limited to the specific measures examined and the developmental period of the sample. We acknowledge that there is tremendous distress accompanying disruptions due to the COVID-19 outbreak. However, for some instruments, comparisons of symptom levels before and during the pandemic may be limited.

Individual differences in political aggression: The role of social integration, perceived grievances and low self-control

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieven J.R. Pauwels ◽  
Vanja Ljujic ◽  
Ann De Buck
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Content Support ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
And Function

Several models have been suggested for studying (self-reported) aggression. Less frequently, these theories are empirically applied to explain individual differences in political aggression. The present study examines the role of distal, intermediate and proximate mechanisms in a net-sample of 6020 young adults. Using log-linear structural equation modelling, the independent effects of cumulative social integration, perceived personal and group injustices and low self-control are assessed. It is assumed that these factors contribute to the ‘crystallization of discontent’ by fostering religious authoritarianism, political powerlessness, support for extremist beliefs and online exposure to extremist content. Support for extremist content and online exposure to extremist content are strong predictors, and function as different routes towards political aggression. The results support an integrated approach towards the study of political aggression. Implications for future studies are discussed.

Judging What Others Enjoy: Desirability and Observability of Interests

2021 ◽  
pp. 106907272110558
Author(s):  
Miranda M. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Career Interests ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Personality Assessments ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Advance Knowledge

Interests guide major life decisions such as choosing a career path, yet little is known about the subjective characteristics of individual differences in interests. Prior research on personality traits has demonstrated that subjective trait perceptions influence the validity and reliability of personality assessments. The current work expands the study of these subjective characteristics to individual differences in interests. Desirability and observability were assessed among 13 constructs: person orientation, thing orientation, RIASEC career interests, and Big Five traits. Judgments of interest dimensions varied considerably, with socially-related interests rated more desirable than thing-related interests. Some career-related interests were low in observability, and thus may be susceptible to being overlooked or categorized inaccurately. The patterns observed in interest characteristics were comparable to patterns in career choice hit rates, occupational prestige, and self-other convergence. The findings advance knowledge of differences between interest dimensions and suggest that subjective perceptions should be considered in interest assessment.

scholarly journals Zebrafish Dscaml1 is Essential for Retinal Patterning and Function of Oculomotor Subcircuits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manxiu Ma ◽  
Alexandro D. Ramirez ◽  
Tong Wang ◽  
Rachel L. Roberts ◽  
Katherine E. Harmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
Motor Apraxia ◽  
Premotor Pathways ◽  
And Function ◽  
Circuit Function

AbstractDown Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (dscam and dscaml1) are essential regulators of neural circuit assembly, but their roles in vertebrate neural circuit function are still mostly unexplored. We investigated the role of dscaml1 in the zebrafish oculomotor system, where behavior, circuit function, and neuronal activity can be precisely quantified. Loss of zebrafish dscaml1 resulted in deficits in retinal patterning and light adaptation, consistent with its known roles in mammals. Oculomotor analyses showed that mutants have abnormal gaze stabilization, impaired fixation, disconjugation, and faster fatigue. Notably, the saccade and fatigue phenotypes in dscaml1 mutants are reminiscent of human ocular motor apraxia, for which no animal model exists. Two-photon calcium imaging showed that loss of dscaml1 leads to impairment in the saccadic premotor pathway but not the pretectum-vestibular premotor pathway, indicating a subcircuit requirement for dscaml1. Together, we show that dscaml1 has both broad and specific roles in oculomotor circuit function, providing a new animal model to investigate the development of premotor pathways and their associated human ocular disorders.

scholarly journals NetFACS: Using network science to understand facial communication systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Mielke ◽  
Bridget M. Waller ◽  
Claire Pérez ◽  
Alan V. Rincon ◽  
Julie Duboscq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Resampling Methods ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
The Face ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
And Function

AbstractUnderstanding facial signals in humans and other species is crucial for understanding the evolution, complexity, and function of the face as a communication tool. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) enables researchers to measure facial movements accurately, but we currently lack tools to reliably analyse data and efficiently communicate results. Network analysis can provide a way to use the information encoded in FACS datasets: by treating individual AUs (the smallest units of facial movements) as nodes in a network and their co-occurrence as connections, we can analyse and visualise differences in the use of combinations of AUs in different conditions. Here, we present ‘NetFACS’, a statistical package that uses occurrence probabilities and resampling methods to answer questions about the use of AUs, AU combinations, and the facial communication system as a whole in humans and non-human animals. Using highly stereotyped facial signals as an example, we illustrate some of the current functionalities of NetFACS. We show that very few AUs are specific to certain stereotypical contexts; that AUs are not used independently from each other; that graph-level properties of stereotypical signals differ; and that clusters of AUs allow us to reconstruct facial signals, even when blind to the underlying conditions. The flexibility and widespread use of network analysis allows us to move away from studying facial signals as stereotyped expressions, and towards a dynamic and differentiated approach to facial communication.

scholarly journals Regulation of mitochondria-dynactin interaction and mitochondrial retrograde transport in axons

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M Drerup ◽  
Amy L Herbert ◽  
Kelly R Monk ◽  
Alex V Nechiporuk
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Genetic Screen ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Mitochondrial Transport ◽  
Interaction Studies ◽  
Mitochondrial Motility ◽  
And Function

Mitochondrial transport in axons is critical for neural circuit health and function. While several proteins have been found that modulate bidirectional mitochondrial motility, factors that regulate unidirectional mitochondrial transport have been harder to identify. In a genetic screen, we found a zebrafish strain in which mitochondria fail to attach to the dynein retrograde motor. This strain carries a loss-of-function mutation in actr10, a member of the dynein-associated complex dynactin. The abnormal axon morphology and mitochondrial retrograde transport defects observed in actr10 mutants are distinct from dynein and dynactin mutant axonal phenotypes. In addition, Actr10 lacking the dynactin binding domain maintains its ability to bind mitochondria, arguing for a role for Actr10 in dynactin-mitochondria interaction. Finally, genetic interaction studies implicated Drp1 as a partner in Actr10-dependent mitochondrial retrograde transport. Together, this work identifies Actr10 as a factor necessary for dynactin-mitochondria interaction, enhancing our understanding of how mitochondria properly localize in axons.

The Changing Face and Function of Museums

1998 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Trotter
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The Face ◽  
National Museums ◽  
And Function ◽  
A Site ◽  
Internal Pressures ◽  
New Museology

Museums are currently undergoing a number of changes as a repercussion of their histories and professional developments, and of new social and cultural contexts, not to mention as a result of pressure from competition and economic forces. This article explores the current ‘reinvention’ of museums — in particular, national museums — by examining some of the factors of change — some of the major internal pressures that have been the result of museological initiatives and also various exogenous influences. New museology and postcolonialism represent not only separate forces, but also a synthesis of pressures that are not only changing the face, but also the role, of museums, whilst also transforming relationships between museums and their users. A concern of this study is to look at those museums which have a ‘nationalising’ function, and to determine whether changing policies and practices are inhibiting or advance a renegotiation of the relationships between museums and their constituencies. In the last two decades, we have seen some trends confirmed. There has been a move from material culture studies to concern with the ideas contained in objects, whilst the older notion of the museum as a treasure house has given way to a stronger educative role and, more recently, an information centre and also a site of leisure, entertainment and identity-formation. These ‘reinventive’ processes, it is suggested, are closely allied to a postcolonial imperative.

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