scholarly journals The role of MHC supertypes in promoting trans-species polymorphism remains an open question

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej J. Ejsmond ◽  
Karl P. Phillips ◽  
Wiesław Babik ◽  
Jacek Radwan
Keyword(s):  
Open Question ◽  
Mhc Supertypes

scholarly journals From Culture 1.0 to Culture 3.0: Three Socio-Technical Regimes of Social and Economic Value Creation through Culture, and Their Impact on European Cohesion Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Sacco ◽  
Guido Ferilli ◽  
Giorgio Tavano Blessi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cultural Participation ◽  
Social Value Creation ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Relationship

We develop a new conceptual framework to analyze the evolution of the relationship between cultural production and different forms of economic and social value creation in terms of three alternative socio-technical regimes that have emerged over time. We show how, with the emergence of the Culture 3.0 regime characterized by novel forms of active cultural participation, where the distinction between producers and users of cultural and creative contents is increasingly blurred, new channels of social and economic value creation through cultural participation acquire increasing importance. We characterize them through an eight-tier classification, and argue on this basis why cultural policy is going to acquire a central role in the policy design approaches of the future. Whether Europe will play the role of a strategic leader in this scenario in the context of future cohesion policies is an open question.

Key Role of Equilibrium HONO Concentration over the Soil 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengxia Bao ◽  
Hang Su ◽  
Uwe Kuhn ◽  
Yafang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Actinic Radiation

<p>Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important component of the nitrogen cycle. HONO can also be rapidly photolyzed by actinic radiation to form hydroxyl radicals (OH) and exerts a primary influence on the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. The sources and sinks of HONO, however, are not fully understood. Soil nitrite, produced via nitrification or denitrification, is an important source for the atmospheric HONO production. [HONO]*, the equilibrium gas phase HONO concentration over the soil, has been suggested as key to understanding the environmental effects of soil fluxes of HONO (Su et al., 2011). But if and how [HONO]* may exist and vary remains an open question. In this project, a measurement method using a dynamic chamber has been developed to derive [HONO]* and the atmospheric soil fluxes of HONO can accordingly be quantified. We demonstrate the existence of [HONO]* and determine its variation in the course of soil drying processes. We show that when [HONO]* is higher than the atmospheric HONO concentration, HONO will be released from soil; otherwise, HONO will be deposited on soil. This work advances the understanding of soil HONO emissions, and the evaluation of its impact on the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and the nitrogen cycling.</p>

Workplace Safety and Criminalization

2020 ◽  
pp. 391-408
Author(s):  
Paul Almond
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Organizational Norms ◽  
Capacity Choice ◽  
Corporate Manslaughter ◽  
Open Question

This chapter argues that the contribution of criminalization to better health and safety in workplaces has been limited by certain contextual features of this regulatory method. It focuses on the role of criminal law in the health and safety legislation and the corporate manslaughter offence. In particular, this chapter argues that criminal law interventions are gravitationally oriented towards individualized notions of fault, capacity, choice, and responsibility. Once the liability enquiry is structured in this highly personalized way, the regulatory capacities of the criminal law to secure effective and enduring structural change is limited. Thus, it remains an open question whether the criminal law can accommodate approaches to responsibility that are more attuned to structures, cultures, and organizational norms.

Open question argument

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristram McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Ethical Naturalism ◽  
Natural Properties ◽  
The Core ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Open Question Argument ◽  
Naturalistic Account ◽  
Open Question

The open question argument is the heart of G.E. Moore’s case against ethical naturalism. Ethical naturalism is the view that goodness, rightness, etc. are natural properties; roughly, the sorts of properties that can be investigated by the natural sciences. Moore claims that, for any candidate naturalistic account of an ethical term according to which ‘good’ had the same meaning as some naturalistic term A, we might without confusion ask: ‘I see that this act is A, but is it good?’ Moore claimed that the existence of such open questions shows that ethical naturalism is mistaken. In the century since its introduction, the open question argument has faced a battery of objections. Despite these challenges, some contemporary philosophers claim that the core of Moore’s argument can be salvaged. The most influential defences link Moore’s argument to the difficulty that naturalistic ethical realists face in explaining the practical role of ethical concepts in deliberation.

scholarly journals Power from indirect pain: a historical phenomenology of medical pain management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domonkos Sik
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Medical Interpretation ◽  
Parallel Processes ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
Historical Phenomenology ◽  
Open Question

Abstract The article aims at reconstructing how pain is used in contemporary societies in the process of engraving power. Firstly, a social phenomenological analysis of pain is conducted: Husserl’s and Merleau-Ponty’s ideas are used for clarifying the experience of pain itself; Elaine Scarry’s analyses are overviewed in order to reconstruct how pain contributes to the establishing of power. Secondly, this complex approach is applied in early modern context: the parallel processes of the decline of a transcendental and the emergence of a medical interpretation of pain is introduced, along with the marginalization of violence. Thirdly, the era characterized by the triumph of medical pain management is analysed: it is argued that the constitutive role of pain in establishing power does not cease to exist with the emergence of technologies of discursive governance (Foucault); it is an open question, what sort of power is engraved through pain understood in strictly medical frames.

The role of diet in gastric cancer: still an open question

10.2741/4009 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Berretta
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Open Question

scholarly journals The role of the range of dispersal in a nonlocal Fisher-KPP equation: an asymptotic analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 2050032
Author(s):  
Julien Brasseur
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Asymptotic Analysis ◽  
Positive Solution ◽  
Nonlocal Problem ◽  
Type Equation ◽  
Independent Interest ◽  
Kpp Equation ◽  
Open Question

In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior as [Formula: see text] of solutions [Formula: see text] to the nonlocal stationary Fisher-KPP type equation [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Under rather mild assumptions and using very little technology, we prove that there exists one and only one positive solution [Formula: see text] and that [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text]. This generalizes the previously known results and answers an open question raised by Berestycki et al. Our method of proof is also of independent interest as it shows how to reduce this nonlocal problem to a local one. The sharpness of our assumptions is also briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Role of ROBO4 Signalling in Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Singh Yadav ◽  
Gopeshwar Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Pathological Angiogenesis ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Neuronal Guidance ◽  
Receptor Family

Transmembrane roundabout receptor family members (ROBO1–ROBO4) principally orchestrate the neuronal guidance mechanism of the nervous system. Secreted glycoprotein SLITs are the most appreciated ligands for ROBOs. Recently identified ROBO4 is the key mediator of SLIT-ROBO mediated developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Although SLIT2 has been shown to interact with ROBO4 as ligand, it remains an open question whether this protein is the physiologic partner of ROBO4. The purpose of this review is to summarise how reliable SLIT2 as ligand for ROBO4 is, if not what the other possible mechanisms demonstrated till date for ROBO4 mediated developmental and pathological angiogenesis are. We conclude that ROBO4 is expressed specially in vascular endothelial cells and maintains the vascular integrity via either SLIT2 dependent or SLIT2 independent manner. On the contrary, it promotes the pathological angiogenesis by involving different signalling arm(s)/unknown ligand(s). This review explores the interactions SLIT2/ROBO1, SLIT2/ROBO1–ROBO4, ROBO1/ROBO4, and ROBO4/UNC5B which can be promising and potential therapeutic targets for developmental angiogenesis defects and pathological angiogenesis. Finally we have reviewed the ROBO4 signalling pathways and made an effort to elaborate the insight of this signalling as therapeutic target of pathological angiogenesis.

Fragmented Governance and Spatial Equity in Metropolitan Areas: The Role of Intergovernmental Cooperation and Revenue-Sharing

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247-1279
Author(s):  
Daniel Kübler ◽  
Philippe E. Rochat
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Metropolitan Governance ◽  
Intergovernmental Cooperation ◽  
Spatial Equity ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Social Expenditures

This article focuses on policies seeking to address social inequalities in metropolitan areas, where the allocation of resources to places with needs often clashes with the politics of redistribution in fragmented local government systems. Scholarship on metropolitan governance has yet to overcome the opposition between proponents of consolidation and defenders of polycentrism. The crucial open question is whether and how intergovernmental cooperation and revenue-sharing can redress spatial equity in institutionally fragmented metropolitan areas. This article addresses this question by exploring the determinants of social expenditures in the 630 municipalities of seven major metropolitan areas in Switzerland, where revenue-sharing systems are common. The analysis shows that intergovernmental grants make a significant but limited contribution to reducing the mismatch between needs and resources in fragmented and decentralized metropolitan areas, depending on the redistributive efforts made by higher state levels.

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