scholarly journals Brain disconnections link structural connectivity with function and behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Thiebaut de Schotten ◽  
Chris Foulon ◽  
Parashkev Nachev
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lesion Studies ◽  
Open Question

Abstract Brain lesions do not just disable but also disconnect brain areas, which once deprived of their input or output, can no longer subserve behaviour and cognition. The role of white matter connections has remained an open question for the past 250 years. Based on 1333 stroke lesions, here we reveal the human Disconnectome and demonstrate its relationship to the functional segregation of the human brain. Results indicate that functional territories are not only defined by white matter connections, but also by the highly stereotyped spatial distribution of brain disconnections. While the former has granted us the possibility to map 590 functions on the white matter of the whole brain, the latter compels a revision of the taxonomy of brain functions. Overall, our freely available Atlas of White Matter Function will enable improved clinical-neuroanatomical predictions for brain lesion studies and provide a platform for explorations in the domain of cognition.

scholarly journals Brain disconnections link structural connectivity with function and behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Thiebaut de Schotten ◽  
Chris Foulon ◽  
Parashkev Nachev
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lesion Studies ◽  
Open Question

AbstractBrain lesions do not just disable but also disconnect brain areas, which once deprived of their input or output, can no longer subserve behaviour and cognition. The role of white matter connections has remained an open question for the past 250 years. Based on 1333 stroke lesions we reveal the human Disconnectome and demonstrate its relationship to the functional segregation of the human brain. Results indicate that functional territories are not only defined by white matter connections, but also by the highly stereotyped spatial distribution of brain disconnections. While the former has granted us the possibility to map 590 functions on the white matter of the whole brain, the latter compels a revision of the taxonomy of brain functions. Overall, our freely available Functional Atlas of the White Matter will enable improved clinical-neuroanatomical predictions for brain lesion studies and provide a platform for novel explorations in the domain of cognition.

scholarly journals The Role of White Matter Disconnection in the Symptoms Relating to the Anarchic Hand Syndrome: A Single Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Valentina Pacella ◽  
Giuseppe Kenneth Ricciardi ◽  
Silvia Bonadiman ◽  
Elisabetta Verzini ◽  
Federica Faraoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Disconnection Syndrome ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Neuropsychological Investigation ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The anarchic hand syndrome refers to an inability to control the movements of one’s own hand, which acts as if it has a will of its own. The symptoms may differ depending on whether the brain lesion is anterior, posterior, callosal or subcortical, but the relative classifications are not conclusive. This study investigates the role of white matter disconnections in a patient whose symptoms are inconsistent with the mapping of the lesion site. A repeated neuropsychological investigation was associated with a review of the literature on the topic to identify the frequency of various different symptoms relating to this syndrome. Furthermore, an analysis of the neuroimaging regarding structural connectivity allowed us to investigate the grey matter lesions and white matter disconnections. The results indicated that some of the patient’s symptoms were associated with structures that, although not directly damaged, were dysfunctional due to a disconnection in their networks. This suggests that the anarchic hand may be considered as a disconnection syndrome involving the integration of multiple antero-posterior, insular and interhemispheric networks. In order to comprehend this rare syndrome better, the clinical and neuroimaging data need to be integrated with the clinical reports available in the literature on this topic.

scholarly journals The Role of White Matter Disconnection in the Symptoms Relating to the Anarchic Hand Syndrome: A Single Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Pacella ◽  
Giuseppe Kenneth Ricciardi ◽  
Silvia Bonadiman ◽  
Elisabetta Verzini ◽  
Federica Faraoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Disconnection Syndrome ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Neuropsychological Investigation ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The anarchic hand syndrome refers to an inability to control the movements of one’s own hand which acts as if it had a will of its own. The symptoms may differ depending on whether the brain lesion is anterior, posterior, callosal or subcortical, but the relative classifications are not conclusive. This study investigates the role of white matter disconnections in a patient whose symptoms are inconsistent with the mapping of the lesion site. A repeated neuropsychological investigation was associated with a review of the literature on the topic to identify the frequency of various different symptoms relating to this syndrome. Furthermore, an analysis of the neuroimaging regarding structural connectivity allowed us to investigate the grey matter lesions and white matter disconnections. The results indicated that some of the patient’s symptoms were associated with structures that, although not directly damaged, were dysfunctional due to a disconnection in their networks. This suggests that the anarchic hand may be considered as a disconnection syndrome involving the integration of multiple antero-posterior, insular and interhemispheric networks. In order to comprehend this rare syndrome better, the clinical and neuroimaging data need to be integrated with the clinical reports available in the literature on the topic.

scholarly journals Lesion Quantification Toolkit: A MATLAB software tool for estimating grey matter damage and white matter disconnections in patients with focal brain lesions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Griffis ◽  
Nicholas V. Metcalf ◽  
Maurizio Corbetta ◽  
Gordon L. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Matlab Software ◽  
Lesion Studies ◽  
Structural Impacts

AbstractLesion studies are an important tool for cognitive neuroscientists and neurologists. However, while brain lesion studies have traditionally aimed to localize neurological symptoms to specific anatomical loci, a growing body of evidence indicates that neurological diseases such as stroke are best conceptualized as brain network disorders. While researchers in the fields of neuroscience and neurology are therefore increasingly interested in quantifying the effects of focal brain lesions on the white matter connections that form the brain’s structural connectome, few dedicated tools exist to facilitate this endeavor. Here, we present the Lesion Quantification Toolkit, a publicly available MATLAB software package for quantifying the structural impacts of focal brain lesions. The Lesion Quantification Toolkit uses atlas-based approaches to estimate parcel-level grey matter lesion loads and multiple measures of white matter disconnection severity that include tract-level disconnection measures, voxel-wise disconnection maps, and parcel-wise disconnection matrices. The toolkit also estimates lesion-induced increases in the lengths of the shortest structural paths between parcel pairs, which provide information about changes in higher-order structural network topology. We describe in detail each of the different measures produced by the toolkit, discuss their applications and considerations relevant to their use, and perform example analyses using real behavioral data collected from sub-acute stroke patients. We show that analyses performed using the different measures produced by the toolkit produce results that are highly consistent with results that have been reported in the prior literature, and we demonstrate the consistency of results obtained from analyses conducted using the different disconnection measures produced by the toolkit. We anticipate that the Lesion Quantification Toolkit will empower researchers to address research questions that would be difficult or impossible to address using traditional lesion analyses alone, and ultimately, lead to advances in our understanding of how white matter disconnections contribute to the cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of focal brain lesions.

scholarly journals Predicting Conversion to MS - The Role of a History Suggestive of Demyelination

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Morrow ◽  
J. Alexander Fraser ◽  
David Nicolle ◽  
Marcelo Kremenchutzky
Keyword(s):  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mcdonald Criteria ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Background:The ability to predict conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS) accurately when assessing a patient with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is of paramount importance.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best paraclinical tool currently available; however the significance of a history of an event suggestive of demyelination prior to CIS presentation has not been evaluated.Methods:Aretrospective chart review of all optic neuritis cases presenting as CIS to a single neuro-ophthalmologist in London, Ontario between 1990 to 1998 was performed. Data were collected regarding demographics, past medical history, history of present illness, and family history. Conversion to MS was determined by the McDonald criteria after ten years of follow-up. Bayesian statistics and logistic regression were used to determine the best predictors of conversion to MS from CIS.Results:One hundred and sixteen optic neuritis subjects were included in the analysis. After ten years, 42.2% had converted to MS. The best predictor of future conversion remained at least one brain lesion, disseminated in space, on MRI (sensitivity 0.90, specificity 0.75). However, if the subject additionally had a history suggestive of a demyelinating event in the past that had not been confirmed clinically, the specificity increased to 0.96. These two traits taken together had an odds ratio of 27.8 for conversion to MS in the next ten years (p<0.001).Conclusions:A history of an event suggestive of demyelination prior to presenting with optic neuritis as CIS increases the ability of the clinician to predict conversion to MS in the next ten years.

scholarly journals Organizing memories for generalization in complementary learning systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weinan Sun ◽  
Madhu Advani ◽  
Nelson Spruston ◽  
Andrew Saxe ◽  
James E Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Network Models ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Systems Consolidation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Uncertain Future

Our ability to remember the past is essential for guiding our future behavior. Psychological and neurobiological features of declarative memories are known to transform over time in a process known as systems consolidation. While many theories have sought to explain the time-varying role of hippocampal and neocortical brain areas, the computational principles that govern these transformations remain unclear. Here we propose a theory of systems consolidation in which hippocampal-cortical interactions serve to optimize generalizations that guide future adaptive behavior. We use mathematical analysis of neural network models to characterize fundamental performance tradeoffs in systems consolidation, revealing that memory components should be organized according to their predictability. The theory shows that multiple interacting memory systems can outperform just one, normatively unifying diverse experimental observations and making novel experimental predictions. Our results suggest that the psychological taxonomy and neurobiological organization of declarative memories reflect a system optimized for behaving well in an uncertain future.

Remembering the Past to See the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C. Rust ◽  
Stephanie E. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Relationship

In addition to the role that our visual system plays in determining what we are seeing right now, visual computations contribute in important ways to predicting what we will see next. While the role of memory in creating future predictions is often overlooked, efficient predictive computation requires the use of information about the past to estimate future events. In this article, we introduce a framework for understanding the relationship between memory and visual prediction and review the two classes of mechanisms that the visual system relies on to create future predictions. We also discuss the principles that define the mapping from predictive computations to predictive mechanisms and how downstream brain areas interpret the predictive signals computed by the visual system. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals From warrior genes to translational solutions: novel insights into monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and aggression

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis ◽  
Efthimios Dardiotis ◽  
Eleni Katsouni ◽  
George P. Chrousos
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Monoamine Oxidases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Collective Effort ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Clinical Populations

AbstractThe pervasive and frequently devastating nature of aggressive behavior calls for a collective effort to understand its psychosocial and neurobiological underpinnings. Regarding the latter, diverse brain areas, neural networks, neurotransmitters, hormones, and candidate genes have been associated with antisocial and aggressive behavior in humans and animals. This review focuses on the role of monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and the genes coding for them, in the modulation of aggression. During the past 20 years, a substantial number of studies using both pharmacological and genetic approaches have linked the MAO system with aggressive and impulsive behaviors in healthy and clinical populations, including the recent discovery of MAALIN, a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) regulating the MAO-A gene in the human brain. Here, we first provide an overview of the MAOs and their physiological functions, we then summarize recent key findings linking MAO-related enzymatic and gene activity and aggressive behavior, and, finally, we offer novel insights into the mechanisms underlying this association. Using the existing experimental evidence as a foundation, we discuss the translational implications of these findings in clinical practice and highlight what we believe are outstanding conceptual and methodological questions in the field. Ultimately, we propose that unraveling the specific role of MAO in aggression requires an integrated approach, where this question is pursued by combining psychological, radiological, and genetic/genomic assessments. The translational benefits of such an approach include the discovery of novel biomarkers of aggression and targeting the MAO system to modulate pathological aggression in clinical populations.

scholarly journals Structural connectivity facilitates functional connectivity of auditory prediction error generation within a fronto-temporal network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena K. L. Oestreich ◽  
Roshini Randeniya ◽  
Marta I. Garrido
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Temporal Network ◽  
Arcuate Fasciculus ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Error Generation

AbstractAuditory prediction errors, i.e. the mismatch between predicted and actual auditory input, are generated by a hierarchical functional network of cortical sources. This network is also interconnected by auditory white matter pathways. Hence it would be reasonable to assume that these structural and functional networks are quantitatively related, which is what the present study set out to investigate. Specifically, whether structural connectivity of auditory white matter pathways enables effective connectivity of auditory prediction error generation. Eighty-nine participants underwent diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Anatomically-constrained tractography was used to extract auditory white matter pathways, namely the bilateral arcuate fasciculus, the inferior occipito-frontal fasciculi (IOFF), and the auditory interhemispheric pathway, from which Apparent Fibre Density (AFD) was calculated. The same participants also underwent a stochastic oddball paradigm, which was used to elicit prediction error responses, while undergoing electroencephalographic recordings. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) was used to investigate the effective connectivity of auditory prediction error generation in brain regions interconnected by the above mentioned auditory white matter pathways. Brain areas interconnected by all auditory white matter pathways best explained the dynamics of auditory prediction error responses. Furthermore, AFD in the right IOFF and right arcuate fasciculus significantly predicted the effective connectivity parameters underlying auditory prediction error generation. In conclusion, the generation of auditory prediction errors within an effectively connected, fronto-temporal network was found to be facilitated by the structural connectivity of auditory white matter pathways. These findings build upon the notion that structural connectivity facilitates dynamic interactions within brain regions that are effectively connected.Significance statementThe brain continuously generates and updates hypotheses that predict forthcoming sensory input. Within the auditory domain, it has repeatedly been reported that these predictions about the auditory environment are facilitated by specific functional cortical connections. These functionally connected brain regions are also structurally connected via auditory white matter pathways. For the first time, this study provides quantitative evidence for a structural basis along which this functional network of auditory prediction error generation operates. This finding provides evidence for the notion that the functional connectivity of dynamically interacting brain areas is facilitated by structural connectivity amongst these brain areas.

scholarly journals Right-sided brain lesions predominate among patients with lesional mania: evidence from a systematic review and pooled lesion analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa ◽  
Gonçalo Cotovio ◽  
Rui M. Costa ◽  
Ricardo Ribeiro ◽  
Ana Velosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Mood Regulation ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Lesion Topography ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite claims that lesional mania is associated with right-hemisphere lesions, supporting evidence is scarce, and association with specific brain areas has not been demonstrated.AimsTo test whether focal brain lesions in lesional mania are more often right-than left-sided, and if lesions converge on areas relevant to mood regulation.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search (PROSPERO registration CRD42016053675) on PubMed and Web-Of-Science, using terms that reflected diagnoses and structures of interest, and lesional mechanisms. Two researchers reviewed the articles separately according to PRISMA Guidelines, to select reports of adult-onset hypomania, mania or mixed state following a focal brain lesion. When available, eligible lesion images were manually traced onto the corresponding slices of MNI space, and lesion topography analyzed using standard brain atlases. Pooled-analyses of individual patient data were performed.ResultsData from 207 lesional mania patients was extracted from 110 reports. Among patients with focal lesions (N=197) more patients had lesions involving the right (84.3%) than the left (34.5%) hemisphere. Among 54 lesion images that were available, right-sided predominance of lesions was confirmed, and found to be was conserved across multiple brain regions, including the temporal lobe, fusiform gyrus and thalamus. These, in addition to several frontal lobe areas, were also identified as preferential lesion sites in comparisons with control lesions.ConclusionsPooled-analyses, based on the most comprehensive dataset of lesional mania available to date, confirm a preferential association with right-hemisphere lesions, while suggesting that several brain areas/circuits, relevant to mood regulation, are most frequently affected.

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