Dislocation interactions in olivine control postseismic creep of the upper mantle

AbstractChanges in stress applied to mantle rocks, such as those imposed by earthquakes, commonly induce a period of transient creep, which is often modelled based on stress transfer among slip systems due to grain interactions. However, recent experiments have demonstrated that the accumulation of stresses among dislocations is the dominant cause of strain hardening in olivine at temperatures ≤600 °C, raising the question of whether the same process contributes to transient creep at higher temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that olivine samples deformed at 25 °C or 1150–1250 °C both preserve stress heterogeneities of ~1 GPa that are imparted by dislocations and have correlation lengths of ~1 μm. The similar stress distributions formed at these different temperatures indicate that accumulation of stresses among dislocations also provides a contribution to transient creep at high temperatures. The results motivate a new generation of models that capture these intragranular processes and may refine predictions of evolving mantle viscosity over the earthquake cycle.

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Biosurfactants as a Novel Additive in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Current Trends and Future Implications

Current Drug Metabolism ◽

10.2174/1389200221666201008143238 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 885-901

Author(s):

Shubham Thakur ◽

Amrinder Singh ◽

Ritika Sharma ◽

Rohan Aurora ◽

Subheet Kumar Jain

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Surface Active Agents ◽

Regulatory Status ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

High Production Cost ◽

New Generation

Background: Surfactants are an important category of additives that are used widely in most of the formulations as solubilizers, stabilizers, and emulsifiers. Current drug delivery systems comprise of numerous synthetic surfactants (such as Cremophor EL, polysorbate 80, Transcutol-P), which are associated with several side effects though used in many formulations. Therefore, to attenuate the problems associated with conventional surfactants, a new generation of surface-active agents is obtained from the metabolites of fungi, yeast, and bacteria, which are termed as biosurfactants. Objectives: In this article, we critically analyze the different types of biosurfactants, their origin along with their chemical and physical properties, advantages, drawbacks, regulatory status, and detailed pharmaceutical applications. Methods: 243 papers were reviewed and included in this review. Results: Briefly, Biosurfactants are classified as glycolipids, rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, trehalolipids, surfactin, lipopeptides & lipoproteins, lichenysin, fatty acids, phospholipids, and polymeric biosurfactants. These are amphiphilic biomolecules with lipophilic and hydrophilic ends and are used as drug delivery vehicles (foaming, solubilizer, detergent, and emulsifier) in the pharmaceutical industry. Despite additives, they have some biological activity as well (anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-microbial, P-gp inhibition, etc.). These biomolecules possess better safety profiles and are biocompatible, biodegradable, and specific at different temperatures. Conclusion: Biosurfactants exhibit good biomedicine and additive properties that can be used in developing novel drug delivery systems. However, more research should be driven due to the lack of comprehensive toxicity testing and high production cost which limits their use.

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Feedbacks between a non-Newtonian upper mantle, mantle viscosity structure and mantle dynamics

Geophysical Journal International ◽

10.1093/gji/ggaa495 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 224 (2) ◽

pp. 961-972

Author(s):

A G Semple ◽

A Lenardic

Keyword(s):

Upper Mantle ◽

Lower Mantle ◽

Mantle Convection ◽

Mantle Flow ◽

Mantle Dynamics ◽

Plate Motions ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Mantle Viscosity ◽

Flow Feature ◽

Mantle Rheology

SUMMARY Previous studies have shown that a low viscosity upper mantle can impact the wavelength of mantle flow and the balance of plate driving to resisting forces. Those studies assumed that mantle viscosity is independent of mantle flow. We explore the potential that mantle flow is not only influenced by viscosity but can also feedback and alter mantle viscosity structure owing to a non-Newtonian upper-mantle rheology. Our results indicate that the average viscosity of the upper mantle, and viscosity variations within it, are affected by the depth to which a non-Newtonian rheology holds. Changes in the wavelength of mantle flow, that occur when upper-mantle viscosity drops below a critical value, alter flow velocities which, in turn, alter mantle viscosity. Those changes also affect flow profiles in the mantle and the degree to which mantle flow drives the motion of a plate analogue above it. Enhanced upper-mantle flow, due to an increasing degree of non-Newtonian behaviour, decreases the ratio of upper- to lower-mantle viscosity. Whole layer mantle convection is maintained but upper- and lower-mantle flow take on different dynamic forms: fast and concentrated upper-mantle flow; slow and diffuse lower-mantle flow. Collectively, mantle viscosity, mantle flow wavelengths, upper- to lower-mantle velocities and the degree to which the mantle can drive plate motions become connected to one another through coupled feedback loops. Under this view of mantle dynamics, depth-variable mantle viscosity is an emergent flow feature that both affects and is affected by the configuration of mantle and plate flow.

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Transient creep by long-range dislocation interactions in subduction zones

10.1002/essoar.10507336.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Wallis ◽

Mike Sep ◽

Lars Hansen

Keyword(s):

Long Range ◽

Subduction Zones ◽

Transient Creep ◽

Dislocation Interactions

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Experimental Analysis and Crystallographic Model of Plastic Deformation after a Change of Loading Path in Mild Steel Polycrystals

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-578-67 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 578 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. Hoc ◽

C. Rey

Keyword(s):

Plastic Deformation ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Strain Localization ◽

Loading Path ◽

Slip Systems ◽

Finite Element Code ◽

Dislocation Densities ◽

Dislocation Interactions ◽

Sequential Tests ◽

Microstructural Anisotropy

AbstractStrain localization in mild steel submitted to a sequential loading paths is investigated at macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic scales. The experimental results demonstrate that the morphology of the localization and the nominal load-displacement curves depend on the microstructural anisotropy. A crystalline model using a finite element code is proposed. The anisotropy is described by a hardening matrix whose terms correspond to dislocation-dislocation interactions and depend on the evolution of the dislocation densities on the activated slip systems during the sequential tests. The strain localization predicted by this model fits with the experimental observation and allows us to assume that localization is correlated to the saturation on the activated slip systems.

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Lithosphere and upper-mantle structure of the southern Baltic Sea estimated from modelling relative sea-level data with glacial isostatic adjustment

Solid Earth ◽

10.5194/se-5-447-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 447-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

H. Steffen ◽

G. Kaufmann ◽

R. Lampe

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Sea Level ◽

Upper Mantle ◽

Glacial Isostatic Adjustment ◽

Relative Sea Level ◽

Southern Baltic Sea ◽

Lithospheric Thickness ◽

Isostatic Adjustment ◽

Mantle Viscosity ◽

Ice Model

Abstract. During the last glacial maximum, a large ice sheet covered Scandinavia, which depressed the earth's surface by several 100 m. In northern central Europe, mass redistribution in the upper mantle led to the development of a peripheral bulge. It has been subsiding since the begin of deglaciation due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the mantle. We analyse relative sea-level (RSL) data of southern Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Lithuania to determine the lithospheric thickness and radial mantle viscosity structure for distinct regional RSL subsets. We load a 1-D Maxwell-viscoelastic earth model with a global ice-load history model of the last glaciation. We test two commonly used ice histories, RSES from the Australian National University and ICE-5G from the University of Toronto. Our results indicate that the lithospheric thickness varies, depending on the ice model used, between 60 and 160 km. The lowest values are found in the Oslo Graben area and the western German Baltic Sea coast. In between, thickness increases by at least 30 km tracing the Ringkøbing-Fyn High. In Poland and Lithuania, lithospheric thickness reaches up to 160 km. However, the latter values are not well constrained as the confidence regions are large. Upper-mantle viscosity is found to bracket [2–7] × 1020 Pa s when using ICE-5G. Employing RSES much higher values of 2 × 1021 Pa s are obtained for the southern Baltic Sea. Further investigations should evaluate whether this ice-model version and/or the RSL data need revision. We confirm that the lower-mantle viscosity in Fennoscandia can only be poorly resolved. The lithospheric structure inferred from RSES partly supports structural features of regional and global lithosphere models based on thermal or seismological data. While there is agreement in eastern Europe and southwest Sweden, the structure in an area from south of Norway to northern Germany shows large discrepancies for two of the tested lithosphere models. The lithospheric thickness as determined with ICE-5G does not agree with the lithosphere models. Hence, more investigations have to be undertaken to sufficiently determine structures such as the Ringkøbing-Fyn High as seen with seismics with the help of glacial isostatic adjustment modelling.

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Gravity constraints on structure of the East-West Antarctic lithospheric transition zone

10.26686/wgtn.15110442.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sam Treweek

Keyword(s):

Transition Zone ◽

Upper Mantle ◽

Geophysical Methods ◽

East Antarctica ◽

Gravity Models ◽

West Antarctica ◽

Asthenospheric Mantle ◽

Surface Uplift ◽

Mantle Viscosity ◽

Taylor Valley

The differing structural evolution of cratonic East Antarctica and younger West Antarctica has resulted in contrasting lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle viscosities between the two regions. Combined with poor constraints on the upper mantle viscosity structure of the continent, estimates of surface uplift in Antarctica predicted from models of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and observed by Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) contain large misfits. This thesis presents a gravity study ofthe lithospheric transition zone beneath the Taylor Valley, Antarctica, conducted to constrain the variation in lithological parameters such as viscosity and density of the upper mantle across this region. During this study 119 new gravity observations were collected in the ice-free regions of the Taylor Valley and amalgamated with 154 existing land-based gravity observations, analysed alongside aerogravity measurements of southern Victoria Land. Gravity data are used to construct 2D gravity models of the subsurface beneath this region. An eastward gradient in Bouguer anomalies of ~- 1.6 mGal/km is observed within the Taylor Valley. Models reveal thickening of the Moho from 23±5 km beneath the Ross Sea to 35±5 km in the Polar Plateau (dipping at 24.5±7.2°), and lithospheric mantle 100 km thicker in East Antarctica (~200±30 km) than West Antarctica (~90±30 km). Models of predicted surface uplift history are used to estimate an asthenospheric mantle viscosity of 2.1x1020 Pa.s at full surface recovery beneath the Ross Embayment, differing by ~14% from the viscosity at 50% recovery. The temperature contrast between lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle is estimated as ~400°C, equivalent to a viscosity that decreases by a factor of about 30 over the mantle boundary. Results demonstrate that the history of surface uplift in the study area may be complicated, resulting in observations of uplift, or subsidence, at GNSS stations. Future work should incorporate additional geophysical methods, such as seismicity and electrical resistivity, improving constraints on gravity models. A better understanding of the surface uplift (or subsidence) history in the Transantarctic Mountains is critical, with implications in reducing uncertainty in GIA models.

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Fracture Mechanism Analysis of Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.6Zr Alloy

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.261 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 546-549 ◽

pp. 261-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xin Ming Zhang ◽

Yang Xiao

Keyword(s):

Cleavage Fracture ◽

Shear Fracture ◽

Grain Boundary Sliding ◽

Fracture Mechanisms ◽

Slip Systems ◽

Mechanism Analysis ◽

Pyramidal Slip ◽

Local Areas ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Boundary Sliding

The fractographs of Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.6Zr alloy specimens which were tensioned at different temperatures were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results showed that different slip systems were activated at different temperatures, which were responsible for varied deformation mechanisms and fracture mechanisms. At 25 °C, the enabled slip systems were few and only the slip systems on basal plane were able to be activated, so cleavage fracture was observed. At −196°Cthe number of enabled slip systems increased, prismatic or pyramidal slip maybe occurred, so that an obvious low-temperature plasticity was observed, while fracture mechanisms were mainly microvoid coalescence fracture with cleavage fracture in local areas. At 250 °C, 300 °C and 350 °C, the multisystem slips on the basal planes, the prismatic planes and the pyramidal planes were able to be activated, while fracture mechanisms were also microviod coalescence fracture. At 400 °C, recrystallization happened, grain-boundary sliding in new fine recrystallized grains made the plastic deformation easy, showing coarse-grain superplasticity phenomenon, and an intergranular shear fracture took place.

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