scholarly journals Alloy information helps prioritize material criticality lists

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Graedel ◽  
Barbara K. Reck ◽  
Alessio Miatto
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Metals And Alloys ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Critical Materials ◽  
Recovery And Reuse ◽  
Regional Governments

AbstractMaterials scientists employ metals and alloys that involve most of the periodic table. Nonetheless, materials scientists rarely take material criticality and reuse potential into account. In this work, we expand upon lists of “critical materials” generated by national and regional governments by showing that many materials are employed predominantly as alloying elements, which can be a deterrent to recovery and reuse at end of product life and, likely as a consequence, have low functional end-of-life recycling rates, among other problematic characteristics. We thereby single out six metals for enhanced concern: dysprosium, samarium, vanadium, niobium, tellurium, and gallium. From that perspective, the use of critical metals in low concentrations in alloys unlikely to be routinely recycled should be avoided if possible. If not, provision should be made for better identification and more efficient recycling so that materials designated as critical can have increased potential for more than a single functional use.

scholarly journals Optimal Recycling of Steel Scrap and Alloying Elements: Input-Output based Linear Programming Method with Its Application to End-of-Life Vehicles in Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (22) ◽  
pp. 13086-13094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Ohno ◽  
Kazuyo Matsubae ◽  
Kenichi Nakajima ◽  
Yasushi Kondo ◽  
Shinichiro Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Programming Method ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Steel Scrap ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Linear Programming Method

Economic Evaluation of Remanufacturing End-of-Life Electromechanical Products

2012 ◽  
Vol 472-475 ◽  
pp. 2670-2673
Author(s):  
Zhao Long Xu ◽  
Su Mei Xiao ◽  
Yu Qiang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Electromechanical Products ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model

With the shortening of product life cycle, and the constant increasing of End-of-life Electromechanical Products, the processing of waste products appears especially important and urgent. This paper, based on an existing recycle model, has established an economic evaluation model of end-of-life electromechanical products. Based on the collection of a large amount of data and tests, the research and evaluation of the engine has proved it is suitability for remanufacturing.

scholarly journals Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato ◽  
Toshihiko Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Critical Materials

This study aims to propose a model to forecast the volume of critical materials that can be recovered from lithium-ion batteries (LiB) through the recycling of end of life electric vehicles (EV). To achieve an environmentally sustainable society, the wide-scale adoption of EV seems to be necessary. Here, the dependency of the vehicle on its batteries has an essential role. The efficient recycling of LiB to minimize its raw material supply risk but also the economic impact of its production process is going to be essential. Initially, this study forecasted the vehicle fleet, sales, and end of life vehicles based on system dynamics modeling considering data of scrapping rates of vehicles by year of life. Then, the volumes of the critical materials supplied for LiB production and recovered from recycling were identified, considering variations in the size/type of batteries. Finally, current limitations to achieve closed-loop production in Japan were identified. The results indicate that the amount of scrapped electric vehicle batteries (EVB) will increase by 55 times from 2018 to 2050, and that 34% of lithium (Li), 50% of cobalt (Co), 28% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (Mn) required for the production of new LiB could be supplied by recovered EVB in 2035.

Thermodynamic Considerations of Contamination by Alloying Elements of Remelted End-of-Life Nickel- and Cobalt-Based Superalloys

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 1785-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Lu ◽  
Kazuyo Matsubae ◽  
Kenichi Nakajima ◽  
Shinichiro Nakamura ◽  
Tetsuya Nagasaka
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Alloying Elements

scholarly journals Tackling xEV Battery Chemistry in View of Raw Material Supply Shortfalls

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Karabelli ◽  
Steffen Kiemel ◽  
Soumya Singh ◽  
Jan Koller ◽  
Simone Ehrenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Critical Materials ◽  
The Impact

The growing number of Electric Vehicles poses a serious challenge at the end-of-life for battery manufacturers and recyclers. Manufacturers need access to strategic or critical materials for the production of a battery system. Recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries may ensure a constant supply of critical materials, thereby closing the material cycle in the context of a circular economy. However, the resource-use per cell and thus its chemistry is constantly changing, due to supply disruption or sharply rising costs of certain raw materials along with higher performance expectations from electric vehicle-batteries. It is vital to further explore the nickel-rich cathodes, as they promise to overcome the resource and cost problems. With this study, we aim to analyze the expected development of dominant cell chemistries of Lithium-Ion Batteries until 2030, followed by an analysis of the raw materials availability. This is accomplished with the help of research studies and additional experts’ survey which defines the scenarios to estimate the battery chemistry evolution and the effect it has on a circular economy. In our results, we will discuss the annual demand for global e-mobility by 2030 and the impact of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt based cathode chemistries on a sustainable economy. Estimations beyond 2030 are subject to high uncertainty due to the potential market penetration of innovative technologies that are currently under research (e.g. solid-state Lithium-Ion and/or sodium-based batteries).

scholarly journals THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS AND THE ASSOCIATED MINERALS: URANIUM

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 59-82
Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar Pereira das Neves ◽  
Lavinel G. Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
White Metal ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Actinide Series ◽  
Uranium Minerals

Uranium is silvery-white metal of the actinide series. It is the heaviest of naturally occurring elements and it is found in low concentrations in soil, water and rocks. Uranium is relatively reactive and combines with oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, phosphorus, bromine and other elements. This article describes some of the properties and uses of uranium and presents a synopsis of the two hundred and four (204) uranium minerals known at the present time.

scholarly journals Toward the efficient recycling of alloying elements from end of life vehicle steel scrap

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Ohno ◽  
Kazuyo Matsubae ◽  
Kenichi Nakajima ◽  
Yasushi Kondo ◽  
Shinichiro Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Steel Scrap

A Method to Optimize Value Recovery From End-of-Life Products

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Cong ◽  
Fu Zhao ◽  
John W. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Disk Drive ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Value Recovery ◽  
Process Plans ◽  
Disassembly Sequence ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Critical Materials

Recovering valuable materials and components from end-of-life (EOL) products is an important means to mitigate the risk of disruption in the supply of virgin, critical materials. The economic viability of value recovery from EOL products is greatly affected by the dismantling process plan, i.e., the processes and the sequence used to recover components and materials. This paper presents an approach to find the optimal EOL strategy, which includes a method for automatic generation of disassembly model and making decisions on the best disassembly sequence, level and EOL options of components/parts. The approach also proposes to identify bottlenecks; degree of automation and destructive disassembly (dismantling) are considered as schemes to attenuate bottlenecks. The ultimate goal of the work is to provide recyclers with process plans to maximize their economic return and to help designers to evaluate product recyclability. A hard disk drive is used as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.

scholarly journals Distribution Analysis on Steel Alloying Elements in the End of Life Vehicle Scrap Recycling Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyo Matsubae ◽  
Yousuke Iizuka ◽  
Hajime Ohno ◽  
Takehito Hiraki ◽  
Takahiro Miki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Steel Alloying ◽  
Scrap Recycling
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