scholarly journals Life-stage specific transcriptomes of a migratory endoparasitic plant nematode, Radopholus similis elucidate a different parasitic and life strategy of plant parasitic nematodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Huang ◽  
Chun-Ling Xu ◽  
Si-Hua Yang ◽  
Jun-Yi Li ◽  
Hong-Le Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Radopholus Similis ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Plant Parasitic

scholarly journals The Ditylenchus destructor genome provides new insights into the evolution of plant parasitic nematodes

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1835) ◽  
pp. 20160942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshui Zheng ◽  
Donghai Peng ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Hualin Liu ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Ditylenchus Destructor ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes were found in 4 of the 12 clades of phylum Nematoda. These nematodes in different clades may have originated independently from their free-living fungivorous ancestors. However, the exact evolutionary process of these parasites is unclear. Here, we sequenced the genome sequence of a migratory plant nematode, Ditylenchus destructor . We performed comparative genomics among the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and all the plant nematodes with genome sequences available. We found that, compared with C. elegans , the core developmental control processes underwent heavy reduction, though most signal transduction pathways were conserved. We also found D. destructor contained more homologies of the key genes in the above processes than the other plant nematodes. We suggest that Ditylenchus spp. may be an intermediate evolutionary history stage from free-living nematodes that feed on fungi to obligate plant-parasitic nematodes. Based on the facts that D. destructor can feed on fungi and has a relatively short life cycle, and that it has similar features to both C. elegans and sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes from clade 12, we propose it as a new model to study the biology, biocontrol of plant nematodes and the interaction between nematodes and plants.

Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Plantain (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana, AAB) in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
D. Oramas ◽  
J. Román
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Radopholus Similis ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Rotylenchulus Reniformis ◽  
Phytoparasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

A survey was conducted through the five argricultural regions of Puerto Rico to determine distribution and population density of the nematode species associated with plantain. Fourteen genera, represented by 19 species of phytoparasitic nematodes were found in association with the crop: Ditylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, longidorus, Meloidogyne, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Pseudhalenchus, Quinisulcius, Radopholus, Rotylenchulus, Tylenchorhynchus, Tylenchus, and Xiphinema. Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, and Rotylenchulus reniformis were the most widely distributed nematode species throughout the Island. On the other hand, M. incognita, P. coffeae, R. similis, Helicotylenchus spp. , and R. reniformis had higher population densities.

Identification and in situ and in vitro characterization of secreted proteins produced by plant-parasitic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. C. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
In Vitro Characterization ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Plant Parasitic

SUMMARYSecretions of plant-parasitic nematodes which are released into plant tissue may play critical roles in plant-nematode interactions. The identification and characterization of these molecules are of fundamental importance and may help to facilitate the development of novel strategies to interfere with nematode infection of plants and thereby decrease nematode-induced damage to crops. An antibody-based approach was used to isolate molecules present on the nematode surface and in nematode secretions. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced to secretions and to whole Heterodera avenue 2nd-stage juveniles; several of these MAbs recognized molecules present in nematode secretions produced in vitro. Three of these molecules have been partly characterized in H. avenae, Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida and Meloidogyne incognita. A MAb reacting with the surfaces of these nematodes recognized antigens of different molecular weight in each of the species tested. This difference in antigenicity might be related to specific functions in these nematodes. Preliminary results show that this antibody also localized the antigen in root cells surrounding the feeding site induced by M. incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana.

scholarly journals Frequencies and population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes on banana (Musa AAA) plantations in Ecuador from 2008 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando Aguirre ◽  
César Chávez ◽  
Alejandro Giraud ◽  
Mario Araya
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Radopholus Similis ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Absolute Frequency ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Mesh Sieve ◽  
Plant Parasitic

An analysis of the plant-parasitic nematodes found on the banana (Musa AAA) plantations in the provinces of Cañar, El Oro, Guayas, Los Rios and Santo Domingo of Ecuador from 2008 to 2014 was carried out. The nematode extraction was done from 25 g of fresh roots that were macerated in a blender and from which nematodes were recovered in a 0.025 mm (No 500) mesh sieve. The data were subjected to frequency analysis in PC-SAS and the absolute frequency was calculated for each individual genus. Four plant parasitic nematodes were detected and, based on their frequencies and population densities, the nematode genera in decreasing order was: Radopholus similis > Helicotylenchus spp. > Meloidogyne spp. > Pratylenchus spp. Radopholus similis was the most abundant nematode, accounting for 49 to 66% of the overall root population, followed by Helicotylenchus spp. with 29 to 45% of the population through- out the different analyzed years. From a total of 13,773 root samples, 96% contained R. similis, 91% Helicotylenchus spp., 35% Meloidogyne spp., and 25% Pratylenchus spp. and, when all of the nematodes that were present were pooled (total nematodes), 99.9% of the samples had nematodes. A large number of samples with a nematode population above the economic threshold suggested by Agrocalidad, INIAP and Anemagro (2,500-3,000 nematodes/100 g of roots) was observed in all of the years, the months and the five sampled provinces. The statistical differences (P<0.0001) detected for the nematode frequencies among the years, months and provinces, more than likely, were associated with the high number of samples included in each year, month and province because the variations in the frequencies for each nematode genus were small.

Resistance genes against plant-parasitic nematodes: a durable control strategy?

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Davies ◽  
Axel A. Elling
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major pest of all agricultural systems, causing extensive economic losses. Natural resistance (R) genes offer an alternative to chemical control and have been shown effectively to limit nematode damage to crops in the field. Whilst a number of resistant cultivars have conferred resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes for many decades, an increasing number of reports of resistance-breaking nematode pathotypes are beginning to emerge. The forces affecting the emergence of virulent nematodes are complex, multifactorial and involve both the host and parasite of the plant-nematode interaction. This review provides an overview of the root-knot and cyst nematodeRgenes characterised to date, in addition to examining the evolutionary forces influencing nematode populations and the emergence of virulence. Finally, potential strategies to improveRgene durability in the field are outlined, and areas that would benefit from further research efforts are highlighted.

Screening plants for resistance/susceptibility to plant-parasitic nematodes.

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Wim Wesemael
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Screening Procedures ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract This chapter provides information on the methods for initial screening to determine the resistance or susceptibility of plants, cultivars or breeding lines to plant parasitic nematodes. Specific protocols for screening and further resistance breeding on several plant-nematode combinations are described and practical guidelines for screening of Musa germplasm and several screening procedures for cyst nematodes are presented.

scholarly journals Advances in Plant−Nematode Interactions with Emphasis on the Notorious Nematode Genus Meloidogyne

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 1988-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isgouhi Kaloshian ◽  
Marcella Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Durable Host Resistance ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant infections by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) continue to be one of the major limitations in agricultural systems. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), belonging to the genus Meloidogyne, are one of the most important groups of PPNs worldwide. Their wide host range combined with ubiquitous presence, continues to provide challenges for their control and breeding for resistance. Although resistance to RKNs has been identified, incorporation of these resistances into crops and durability of the resistance remains challenging. In addition, progress in cloning of RKN resistance genes has been dismal. Recent identification of pattern-triggered immunity in roots against nematodes, an ascaroside as a nematode-associated molecular pattern (NAMP) and the discovery of a NAMP plant receptor, provide tools and opportunities to develop durable host resistance against nematodes including RKNs.

scholarly journals Functions of Flavonoids in Plant–Nematode Interactions

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Chin ◽  
Carolyn Behm ◽  
Ulrike Mathesius
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Most land plants can become infected by plant parasitic nematodes in the field. Plant parasitic nematodes can be free-living or endoparasitic, and they usually infect plant roots. Most damaging are endoparasites, which form feeding sites inside plant roots that damage the root system and redirect nutrients towards the parasite. This process involves developmental changes to the root in parallel with the induction of defense responses. Plant flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have roles in both root development and plant defense responses against a range of microorganisms. Here, we review our current knowledge of the roles of flavonoids in the interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes. Flavonoids are induced during nematode infection in plant roots, and more highly so in resistant compared with susceptible plant cultivars, but many of their functions remain unclear. Flavonoids have been shown to alter feeding site development to some extent, but so far have not been found to be essential for root–parasite interactions. However, they likely contribute to chemotactic attraction or repulsion of nematodes towards or away from roots and might help in the general plant defense against nematodes. Certain flavonoids have also been associated with functions in nematode reproduction, although the mechanism remains unknown. Much remains to be examined in this area, especially under field conditions.

scholarly journals Impacts of Sunnhemp and Piegon Pea on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp., and Beneficial Bacterivorous Nematodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Valerie H. Henmi ◽  
Sharadchandra P. Marahatta
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Radopholus Similis ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Burrowing Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes such as burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) are dominant in the banana, Musa spp., ecosystem.  Beneficial nematodes such as bacterivores are also found in banana fields. A tropical cover crop, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) (SH), can be used to suppress plant-parasitic nematodes and enhance beneficial bacterivorous nematodes. However, SH cultivation in Hawaii is under the threat of the flour beetle.  Thus, two experiments: Trial-I and Trial-II were conducted to compare the effects of another tropical cover crop, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) (PP) with SH and no-cover crop control (CC) on R. similis and Meloidogyne spp. suppression and beneficial bacterivorous nematodes enhancement. In both experiments soils infested with R. similis and Meloidogyne were sampled and amended with cover crop treatments (SH or PP) or CC and kept for two weeks. At the end of each experiment, nematodes were extracted through the Baermann funnel technique. The results of Trial-I and Trial- II showed that SH and PP did not reduce R. similis number (P 0.05). However, Meloidogyne numbers were reduced by SH and PP in Trial-I (P 0.05).  In Trial II, Meloidogyne was not found in SH and PP. In both experiments, SH consistently increased beneficial bacterivorous nematodes number (P 0.05). Cover crop PP increased beneficial bacterivorous nematode numbers in Trial -I (P 0.05), but not in Trial –II (P 0.05).  However, the trends associated with the numbers of beneficial nematodes were consistently higher in PP compared to CC. Farmers could choose PP as an alternate to SH, as a cover crop for Meloidogyne suppression and beneficial nematode enhancement.

scholarly journals Plant Parasitic Thread Worms (Nematodes)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Pratibha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Stem Leaf ◽  
Plant Parasitic

About 15% species of these parasites are plant parasitic causing severe threat to various crops all over the world including India. Plant parasitic nematodes are responsible for loss of about 45 billion rupees all over the world. Plant nematodes can infect Pine, Citrus plants, Coconut, Rice crop, Maize ,Peanut, Soya bean, Banana, Potato, Sweet potato, Beat etc. causing infection of root, stem leaf, flower and seed etc. Source of infection is contaminated soil containing eggs or larvae of infective plant nematode which enter in host plant through root in 2nd juvenile larval stage. This infection spreads from one place to other with contaminated soil, farmers instruments, shoes, flow of water and with infected plants and plant product. Plant nematodes are controlled by fumigation, chemicals and plant nematode predators.

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