scholarly journals Metagenomic characterisation of additional and novel avian viruses from Australian wild ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessy Vibin ◽  
Anthony Chamings ◽  
Marcel Klaassen ◽  
Soren Alexandersen
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Avian Viruses

AbstractBirds, notably wild ducks, are reservoirs of pathogenic and zoonotic viruses such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses. In the current study, we used metagenomics to detect and characterise avian DNA and RNA viruses from wild Pacific black ducks, Chestnut teals and Grey teals collected at different time points from a single location. We characterised a likely new species of duck aviadenovirus and a novel duck gyrovirus. We also report what, to the best of our knowledge, is the first finding of an avian orthoreovirus from Pacific black ducks and a rotavirus F from Chestnut teals. Other viruses characterised from the samples from these wild ducks belong to the virus families Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae. Some of the viruses may have potential cross-species transmissibility, while others indicated a wide genetic diversity of duck viruses within a genus. The study also showed evidence of potential transmission of viruses along the East Asian—Australasian Flyway; potentially facilitated by migrating shorebirds. The detection and characterisation of several avian viruses not previously described, and causing asymptomatic but potentially also symptomatic infections suggest the need for more virus surveillance studies for pathogenic and potential zoonotic viruses in wildlife reservoirs.

scholarly journals PB2 Residue 271 Plays a Key Role in Enhanced Polymerase Activity of Influenza A Viruses in Mammalian Host Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 4395-4406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra A. Bussey ◽  
Tatiana L. Bousse ◽  
Emily A. Desmet ◽  
Baek Kim ◽  
Toru Takimoto
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Polymerase Activity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Avian Viruses

ABSTRACT The direct infection of humans with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses has suggested viral mutation as one mechanism for the emergence of novel human influenza A viruses. Although the polymerase complex is known to be a key component in host adaptation, mutations that enhance the polymerase activity of avian viruses in mammalian hosts are not fully characterized. The genomic comparison of influenza A virus isolates has identified highly conserved residues in influenza proteins that are specific to either human or avian viruses, including 10 residues in PB2. We characterized the activity of avian polymerase complexes containing avian-to-human mutations at these conserved PB2 residues and found that, in addition to the E627K mutation, the PB2 mutation T271A enhances polymerase activity in human cells. We confirmed the effects of the T271A mutation using recombinant WSN viruses containing avian NP and polymerase genes with wild-type (WT) or mutant PB2. The 271A virus showed enhanced growth compared to that of the WT in mammalian cells in vitro. The 271A mutant did not increase viral pathogenicity significantly in mice compared to that of the 627K mutant, but it did enhance the lung virus titer. Also, cell infiltration was more evident in lungs of 271A-infected mice than in those of the WT. Interestingly, the avian-derived PB2 of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus has 271A. The characterization of the polymerase activity of A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) and corresponding PB2 mutants indicates that the high polymerase activity of the pandemic strain in mammalian cells is, in part, dependent on 271A. Our results clearly indicate the contribution of PB2 amino acid 271 to enhanced polymerase activity and viral growth in mammalian hosts.

scholarly journals Sowing the Seeds of a Pandemic? Mammalian Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of H1 Variant Influenza Viruses from the Swine Reservoir

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Pulit-Penaloza ◽  
Jessica Belser ◽  
Terrence Tumpey ◽  
Taronna Maines
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
The North ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Pandemic Strains

Emergence of genetically and antigenically diverse strains of influenza to which the human population has no or limited immunity necessitates continuous risk assessments to determine the likelihood of these viruses acquiring adaptations that facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission. As the North American swine H1 virus population has diversified over the last century by means of both antigenic drift and shift, in vivo assessments to study multifactorial traits like mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility of these emerging influenza viruses are critical. In this review, we examine genetic, molecular, and pathogenicity and transmissibility data from a panel of contemporary North American H1 subtype swine-origin viruses isolated from humans, as compared to H1N1 seasonal and pandemic viruses, including the reconstructed 1918 virus. We present side-by-side analyses of experiments performed in the mouse and ferret models using consistent experimental protocols to facilitate enhanced interpretation of in vivo data. Contextualizing these analyses in a broader context permits a greater appreciation of the role that in vivo risk assessment experiments play in pandemic preparedness. Collectively, we find that despite strain-specific heterogeneity among swine-origin H1 viruses, contemporary swine viruses isolated from humans possess many attributes shared by prior pandemic strains, warranting heightened surveillance and evaluation of these zoonotic viruses.

scholarly journals The Geographic Variation of Surveillance and Zoonotic Spillover Potential of Influenza Viruses in Domestic Poultry and Swine

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A Berger ◽  
David M Pigott ◽  
Francesca Tomlinson ◽  
David Godding ◽  
Sebastian Maurer-Stroh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Virus Emergence

Abstract Background Avian and swine influenza viruses circulate worldwide and pose threats to both animal and human health. The design of global surveillance strategies is hindered by information gaps on the geospatial variation in virus emergence potential and existing surveillance efforts. Methods We developed a spatial framework to quantify the geographic variation in outbreak emergence potential based on indices of potential for animal-to-human and secondary human-to-human transmission. We then compared our resultant raster model of variation in emergence potential with the global distribution of recent surveillance efforts from 359105 reports of surveillance activities. Results Our framework identified regions of Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Central America, and sub-Saharan Africa with high potential for influenza virus spillover. In the last 15 years, however, we found that 78.43% and 49.01% of high-risk areas lacked evidence of influenza virus surveillance in swine and domestic poultry, respectively. Conclusions Our work highlights priority areas where improved surveillance and outbreak mitigation could enhance pandemic preparedness strategies.

scholarly journals An epidemiological study of influenza viruses among Chinese farm families with household ducks and pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Shu ◽  
N. N. Zhou ◽  
G. B. Sharp ◽  
S. Q. He ◽  
T. J. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Farm Families ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Avian Viruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Human Viruses

SummaryTo examine the possibility of interspecies transmission and genetic reassortment of influenza viruses on farms in Southern China, we surveyed 20 farm families living outside the city of Nanchang who raised pigs and ducks in their homes. Weekly interviews of family members and virus isolation studies of throat swabs and faecal samples, collected from September 1992 to September 1993, established the seasonal pattern of respiratory tract infections in these families and identified 11 influenza viruses (6 in humans and 5 in ducks). Most of the human isolates were type A of H3N2 subtype. Serologic studies of farm pigs indicated infection by the same human viruses circulating in family members, but there was no evidence that either swine or avian viruses had been transmitted to pigs. Eight of 156 human serum samples inhibited the neuraminidase activity of two of the duck isolates, raising the possibility of interspecies transmission of these avian viruses. Genotype analysis of duck and human isolates provided no evidence for reassortment. Our findings support the concept that intermingling of humans, pigs and ducks on Chinese farms is favourable to the generation of new, potentially hazardous strains of influenza virus.

scholarly journals Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian H5 Influenza A Viruses in Live Poultry Markets, Wuxi City, China, 2013−2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai-Juan Ma ◽  
Shan-Hui Chen ◽  
Guo-Lin Wang ◽  
Teng Zhao ◽  
Yan-Hua Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Pandemic Threat ◽  
Wuxi City ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

Abstract During 12 recent months of periodic influenza virus surveillance at 9 live poultry markets in Wuxi City China, we identified multiple highly pathogenic H5N6, H5N8, H5N2, and H5N1 avian influenza viruses. The variety of potentially pandemic viruses in this low-risk area is disconcerting and portends an increased pandemic threat.

scholarly journals Overview of the Epizootiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Russia in 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Marchenko ◽  
N. I. Goncharova ◽  
Thi Nhai Tran ◽  
Khac Sau Trinh ◽  
Ngoc Quyen Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

This review describes the current situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in 2019 and predicts the possible further spread of avian influenza in Russia. In 2019 outbreaks were reported among wild birds and poultry, as well as human infections with influenza viruses of the subtypes H5Nx, H7N9 and H9N2 in several countries. In 2019, only two outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in Russia occurred. Both outbreaks were recorded in January at poultry farm in the Rostov Region. In addition, in May 2019 avian influenza virus of H14N7 subtype was isolated from a wild bird during the avian influenza virus surveillance in Tomsk Region. In June 2019, a strain of H13N2 subtype was isolated in the territory of Kamchatka Region, then, in August 2019, an influenza virus of H13N6 subtype was isolated in the Saratov Region. It was revealed that some strains of avian influenza virus isolated in Russia have a high degree of identity with strains circulating in South-East Asia. This was shown by the phylogenetic analysis of A/ H5Nx influenza viruses previously isolated in the Saratov Region and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam during the avian influenza virus surveillance. Thus, it was demonstrated again that the territory of Russia plays a key geographical role in the global spread of avian influenza virus.

scholarly journals Distinct spread of DNA and RNA viruses among mammals amid prominent role of domestic species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstans Wells ◽  
Serge Morand ◽  
Maya Wardeh ◽  
Matthew Baylis
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases arising from pathogen spillover from mammals to humans comprise a substantial health threat. Tracing virus origin and predicting the most likely host species for future spillover events are major objectives in One Health disciplines. However, the species that share pathogens most widely with other mammals, and the role of different wildlife groups in sharing viruses with humans remain poorly identified. To address this challenge, we applied network analysis and Bayesian hierarchical models to a global database of mammal-virus associations. We show that domesticated mammals and some primates hold the most central positions in networks of known mammal-virus associations. We revealed strong evidence that DNA viruses were phylogenetically more host specific than RNA viruses, while the frequencies of sharing viruses among hosts and the proportion of zoonotic viruses in hosts were larger for RNA than DNA viruses. Among entire host-virus networks, Carnivora and Chiroptera hold central positions for mainly sharing RNA viruses with other host species, while network centrality of Primates scored relatively high for sharing DNA viruses. Ungulates hold central positions for sharing both RNA and DNA viruses. Acknowledging the role of domestic species in addition to host and virus traits in patterns of virus sharing is necessary to improve our understanding of virus spread and spillover in times of global change.

scholarly journals Mammalian ANP32A and ANP32B proteins drive alternative avian influenza virus polymerase adaptations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas. P. Peacock ◽  
Carol M. Sheppard ◽  
Ecco Staller ◽  
Rebecca Frise ◽  
Olivia C. Swann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Viruses ◽  
Evolution Approach ◽  
Influenza Polymerase

AbstractANP32 proteins, which act as influenza polymerase co-factors, vary between birds and mammals. The well-known mammalian adaptation, PB2-E627K, enables influenza polymerase to use mammalian ANP32 proteins. However, some mammalian-adapted influenza viruses do not harbour this adaptation. Here, we show that alternative PB2 adaptations, Q591R and D701N also allow influenza polymerase to use mammalian ANP32 proteins. PB2-E627K strongly favours use of mammalian ANP32B proteins, whereas D701N shows no such bias. Accordingly, PB2-E627K adaptation emerges in species with strong pro-viral ANP32B proteins, such as humans and mice, while D701N is more commonly seen in isolates from swine, dogs and horses where ANP32A proteins are more strongly pro-viral. In an experimental evolution approach, passage of avian viruses in human cells drives acquisition of PB2-E627K, but not when ANP32B is ablated. The strong pro-viral support of ANP32B for PB2-E627K maps to the LCAR region of ANP32B.

scholarly journals Coincident ruddy turnstone migration and horseshoe crab spawning creates an ecological ‘hot spot’ for influenza viruses

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1699) ◽  
pp. 3373-3379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Krauss ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Nicholas J. Negovetich ◽  
Lawrence J. Niles ◽  
Richard J. Webby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
Migrating Birds

Since 1985, avian influenza virus surveillance has been conducted annually from mid-May to early June in charadriiform species from the families Scolopacidae and Laridae (shorebirds and gulls) at Delaware Bay in the northeast United States. The mass migrations of shorebirds, gulls and horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ) coincide at that time, and large numbers of migrating birds pause at Delaware Bay to feed on horseshoe crab eggs deposited at the high-tide line. Influenza viruses are consistently isolated from charadriiform birds at Delaware Bay, at an overall rate approximately 17 times the combined rate of isolation at all other surveillance sites worldwide (490 isolates/9474 samples, 5.2% versus 49 isolates per 15 848 samples, 0.3%, respectively; Proportion test, p < 0.0001). The likelihood of isolating influenza viruses at Delaware Bay is dependent on the presence of ruddy turnstone ( Arenaria interpres ) at the sampling site ( G -test of independence, p < 0.001). The convergence of host factors and environmental factors results in a unique ecological ‘hot spot’ for influenza viruses in Charadriiformes .

scholarly journals Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology of H9N2 Influenza A Viruses from Quail in Southern China, 2000 to 2005

2006 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2635-2645 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Xu ◽  
K. S. Li ◽  
G. J. D. Smith ◽  
J. W. Li ◽  
H. Tai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Pandemic Strains

ABSTRACT H9N2 influenza viruses have become established and maintain long-term endemicity in terrestrial poultry in Asian countries. Occasionally these viruses transmit to other mammals, including humans. Increasing epidemiological and laboratory findings suggest that quail may be an important host, as they are susceptible to different subtypes of influenza viruses. To better understand the role of quail in influenza virus ecology and evolution, H9N2 viruses isolated from quail during 2000 to 2005 were antigenically and genetically characterized. Our results showed that H9N2 viruses are prevalent year-round in southern China and replicate mainly asymptomatically in the respiratory tract of quail. Genetic analysis revealed that both the G1-like and Ck/Bei-like H9N2 lineages were cocirculating in quail since 2000. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that most of the isolates tested were double- or multiple-reassortant variants, with four G1-like and 16 Ck/Bei-like genotypes recognized. A novel genotype of G1-like virus became predominant in quail since 2003, while multiple Ck/Bei-like genotypes were introduced into quail, wherein they incorporated G1-like gene segments, but none of them became established in this host. Those Ck/Bei-like reassortants generated in quail have then been introduced into other poultry. These complex interactions form a two-way transmission system between quail and other types of poultry. The present study provides evidence that H9N2 and H5N1 subtype viruses have also exchanged gene segments to generate currently circulating reassortants of both subtypes that have pandemic potential. Continuing influenza virus surveillance in poultry is critical to understanding the genesis and emergence of potentially pandemic strains in this region.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document