scholarly journals Estimating density limits for walking pedestrians keeping a safe interpersonal distancing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Echeverría-Huarte ◽  
A. Garcimartín ◽  
R. C. Hidalgo ◽  
C. Martín-Gómez ◽  
I. Zuriguel
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Safety Distance ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Dense Crowds ◽  
Interpersonal Distancing ◽  
The Way

AbstractWith people trying to keep a safe distance from others due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the way in which pedestrians walk has completely changed since the pandemic broke out1,2. In this work, laboratory experiments demonstrate the effect of several variables—such as the pedestrian density, the walking speed and the prescribed safety distance—on the interpersonal distance established when people move within relatively dense crowds. Notably, we observe that the density should not be higher than 0.16 pedestrians per square meter (around 6 m2 per pedestrian) in order to guarantee an interpersonal distance of 1 m. Although the extrapolation of our findings to other more realistic scenarios is not straightforward, they can be used as a first approach to establish density restrictions in urban and architectonic spaces based on scientific evidence.

scholarly journals A New Car-Following Model with Consideration of Dynamic Safety Distance

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Guangyao Li ◽  
Keyu Xu ◽  
Shubin Li
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Optimal Velocity ◽  
New Model ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Optimal Velocity Model ◽  
Safety Distance ◽  
Car Following Model ◽  
The Impact

In the traditional optimal velocity model, safe distance is usually a constant, which, however, is not representative of actual traffic conditions. This paper attempts to study the impact of dynamic safety distance on vehicular stream through a car-following model. Firstly, a new car-following model is proposed, in which the traditional safety distance is replaced by a dynamic term. Then, the phase diagram in the headway, speed, and sensitivity spaces is given to illustrate the impact of a variable safe distance on traffic flow. Finally, numerical methods are conducted to examine the performance of the proposed model with regard to two aspects: compared with the optimal velocity model, the new model can suppress traffic congestion effectively and, for different safety distances, the dynamic safety distance can improve the stability of vehicular stream. Simulation results suggest that the new model is able to enhance traffic flow stability.

scholarly journals Considering the importance of metaphors for marine conservation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair Neilson
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Ocean Environment ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Way ◽  
Culturally Embedded

This paper seeks to highlight the importance of metaphors for marine conservation and policy. It argues that themanner in which the oceans are perceived, often as an alien landscape, can limit the way language is utilised inmarine conservation efforts. This limitation can produce unhelpful environmental metaphors that, instead ofacting as catalysts for action, produce negative and reactionary responses. It illustrates this point through theexample of what has become known as the ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch.’ It postulates that if there is a disconnectbetween the many complex environmental issues facing the world's oceans and the way they are perceived, thenmore focus should be placed on developing pre-determined culturally embedded metaphors, which can conjurerelatable imagery, but that are also rooted in scientific evidence. It recommends that, in an extension to existingpublic perception research (PPR) on how different communities value the ocean environment, there is room forshared metaphors of the oceanic environment to be developed that can help raise awareness within a particularcultural setting.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Ship Safety Distance for Bridges across Waterways Based on Traffic Distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo-Ju Son ◽  
Jeong-Seok Lee ◽  
Hyeong-Tak Lee ◽  
Ik-Soon Cho
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Safety Distance ◽  
Traffic Distribution ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ship Safety

For ship passage safety, a bridge across a waterway is a risk for accidents. However, no standard for the safe distance between a bridge and a ship is available in Korea. The UK MCA considers the 90% confidence interval of traffic distribution as the acceptable passage range, using it for measuring the separation between offshore wind farms. In this study, an optimal ship safety distance is proposed by evaluating traffic distribution at the Incheon and Busan harbor bridges and analyzing the confidence intervals. The results, based on the Z-score, reveal that at the Incheon bridge, all but one ship for 2-way departure were in circulation within the 95% confidence interval range, whereas at the Busan harbor bridge, six ships for arrival and two ships for departure were outside the 95% range. Based on the results of this study, the design of bridges across waterways can incorporate traffic distribution corresponding to each port.

Le pan de verre scientifique: Le Corbusier and the Saint-Gobain glass laboratory experiments (1931–32)

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Rosa Urbano Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Internal Cavity ◽  
Glass Wall ◽  
New Era ◽  
Winter Cold ◽  
Translucent Material ◽  
Environmental Theory ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Way

As to the isothermicity of the translucent walls, experimental laboratories will be able in the near future to give us a new translucent material whose isothermal properties will be equal to that of the thickest wall. From then on, we will witness the inauguration of a new era: buildings will be altogether hermetically closed. Windows will no longer be needed on the façade; consequently neither dust nor flies nor mosquitoes will enter the houses; nor will noise.Le Corbusier's fascination with light and glass formed a continuing thread throughout his career. After his maxim ‘architecture is lighted floors’ came the passionate discourses to defend the building's openness, first with his fenêtre en longueur, the ribbon window, and ultimately with his emblematic pan de verre, the glass wall that would not only provide sunlight-flooded interiors but would also most significantly contribute to shape the Modernist imagery. Despite the profuse explorations invested in this concept, Le Corbusier would always lament his failure to execute his ‘pan de verre 100%’ in the way he would have desired: ‘as a mur neutralisant constituted by a double glass-wall with an internal cavity through which conditioned air would circulate, hot in winter, cold in summer’.The idea of the mur neutralisant was born as part of a challenging environmental theory for buildings, termed either respiration exacte or air exact [1], proposed by Le Corbusier in collaboration with his cousin and practice partner Pierre Jeanneret in 1928. Le Corbusier would describe this theory in two of his most dogmatic publications: first, as one of his lectures (5 October 1929) collected in Précisions (1930) and, second, as part of La Ville Radieuse (1935), his manifesto on modern habitation.

Non neutral Plasmas in the Laboratory and Astrophysics

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Curtis Michel
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Star ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Light Cylinder ◽  
Rotator Model ◽  
Recent Laboratory ◽  
The Way

AbstractRecent laboratory experiments have confirmed theoretical expectations that the aligned rotator model (Goldreich and Julian 1969) does not function in the way originally expected, if at all. These experiments confirm that the nonneutral (completely charge-separated) plasma is isolated into finite regions, which in the case of the magnetosphere about an aligned rotator means in general that there is no plasma from the neutron star to be found at the light-cylinder. Hence the interesting pulsar-like properties originally postulated no longer follow.

scholarly journals Who doesn't love a good story? — What neuroscience tells about how we respond to narratives

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (05) ◽  
pp. Y01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Cormick
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Deep Knowledge ◽  
Good Story ◽  
Traditional Storytelling ◽  
The Way

Can we really say what type of story has impact on us, and what type of story does not? Evidence suggests that we can. But we need to better understand the way that stories work on us, at a neural and empathetic level, and better understand the ways that the elements of stories, such as structure and metaphor work. By combining scientific research with the deeper wisdom of traditional storytelling we have both a deep knowledge married to scientific evidence — which can be very powerful tools for science communicators.

Communicating Scientific Findings in the Courtroom

Criminology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joëlle Vuille ◽  
Nicole M. Egli Anthonioz
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Forensic Scientists ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Way

The number of civil and criminal trials in which there is presented at least one piece of scientific evidence—by which we mean the analysis and interpretation of physical evidence derived from the so-called hard sciences (thus excluding the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and the social and behavioral sciences)—is constantly increasing. Yet the fact finders, be they judges or juries or the attorneys arguing the cases, have limited scientific education. In this context, the way scientific experts express the results of analyses and interpretations carried out, as well as the way the members of the court understand the content of their message, is of utmost importance. Misunderstandings do happen and have dramatic consequences, as an abundant literature on wrongful convictions now well illustrates. It is thus urgent that forensic scientists learn to write more transparent statements. This requirement is also set out in a landmark report published in 2009 by the National Research Council. Following this trend, the forensic community has started developing guidelines concerning statement writing, and a structured approach to communication of expert opinion in court is now emerging. However, empirical results as to what constitutes good practice in the expression of results, and particularly the uncertainty attached to scientific results, are not abundant. Indeed, while guidelines exist, the improvement in mutual understanding is not evident. This quest for mutual understanding, in particular in the expression of evidential value, is the subject of this article. Joëlle Vuille wishes to thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for their financial support (grant PP00P1_176720).

What is Rhetoric?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
Interpersonal Context ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unified View ◽  
The Way

What Is Rhetoric? offers a new synthesis of the principles and functioning of rhetoric. In everyday life, questions are often debated or simply discussed. Rhetoric is the way we answer questions in an interpersonal context, in which we want to have an effect on our interlocutors. These interlocutors can be convinced or charmed, persuaded or influenced, and the language used can range from reasoning to the use of narratives, whether literary or not. This book purports to be a breakthrough in the field by offering a systematic and unified view of rhetoric. It combines the social aspects of negotiation and interpersonal distance with the theory of emotions. All principal authors from Plato and Aristotle to contemporary theorists are integrated in what is here called the “problematological” conception of rhetoric, based on the primacy of questioning and answering in language and thought.

On Using References as Evidence

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (06) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Talmon ◽  
J. Brender
Keyword(s):  
Medical Informatics ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Way

Summary Background: One has to start to consider references as a kind of evidence similar to measured data and observations. Moreover, proper referencing adds to the credibility of a paper and gives appropriate credits to work of others. Experience of reviewers and editors indicate that there is room for improvement in the way that our scientific evidence base is referred to. Objective: To provide guidelines for referencing in medical informatics publications. Method: The authors have collected examples of poor as well as good referencing as encountered in manuscripts submitted for review as well as in published literature. Results and Conclusion: A set of 12 rules for proper referencing was derived. The rationale for each rule is provided and examples of rule violations and proper use of the rule are pre sented.

Oxygen

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Eugene Canfield
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

The air we breathe is 21 percent oxygen, an amount higher than on any other known world. While we may take our air for granted, Earth was not always an oxygenated planet. How did it become this way? This book covers this vast history, emphasizing its relationship to the evolution of life and the evolving chemistry of the Earth. The book guides readers through the various lines of scientific evidence, considers some of the wrong turns and dead ends along the way, and highlights the scientists and researchers who have made key discoveries in the field. Showing how Earth's atmosphere developed over time, the book takes readers on a remarkable journey through the history of the oxygenation of our planet.

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