scholarly journals The dynamics of decision-making and action during active sampling

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Ozbagci ◽  
Ruben Moreno-Bote ◽  
Salvador Soto-Faraco
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Object Image ◽  
Active Sampling ◽  
Relevant Model ◽  
Initial Decision ◽  
Sample Information ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
Image Blur

AbstractEmbodied Cognition Theories (ECTs) of decision-making propose that the decision process pervades the execution of choice actions and manifests itself in these actions. Decision-making scenarios where actions not only express the choice but also help sample information can provide a valuable, ecologically relevant model for this framework. We present a study to address this paradigmatic situation in humans. Subjects categorized (2AFC task) a central object image, blurred to different extents, by moving a cursor toward the left or right of the display. Upward cursor movements reduced the image blur and could be used to sample information. Thus, actions for decision and actions for sampling were orthogonal to each other. We analyzed response trajectories to test whether information-sampling movements co-occurred with the ongoing decision process. Trajectories were bimodally distributed, with one kind being direct towards one response option (non-sampling), and the other kind containing an initial upward component before veering off towards an option (sampling). This implies that there was an initial decision at the early stage of a trial, whether to sample information or not. Importantly, in sampling trials trajectories were not purely upward, but rather had a significant horizontal deviation early on. This result suggests that movements to sample information exhibit an online interaction with the decision process, therefore supporting the prediction of the ECTs under ecologically relevant constrains.

scholarly journals The dynamics of decision making and action during active sampling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Ozbagci ◽  
Ruben Moreno-Bote ◽  
Salvador Soto-Faraco
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Object Image ◽  
Active Sampling ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Initial Decision ◽  
Sample Information ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
Image Blur

AbstractEmbodied Cognition Theories (ECTs) propose that the decision process continues to unfold during the execution of choice actions, and its outcome manifests itself in these actions. Scenarios where actions not only express choice but also help sample information can provide a valuable test of this framework. Remarkably almost no studies so far have addressed this scenario. Here, we present a study testing just this paradigmatic situation with humans. On each trial, subjects categorized a central object image, blurred to different extents (2AFC task) by moving a cursor toward the left or right of the display. Upward cursor movements, orthogonal with respect to choice options, reduced the image blur and could be freely used to actively sample information. Thus, actions for decision and actions for sampling were made orthogonal to each other. We analyzed response trajectories to test a central prediction of ECTs; whether information-sampling movements co-occurred with the ongoing decision process. Trajectory data revealed were bimodally distributed, with one kind being direct towards one response option (non-sampling trials), and the other kind containing an initial upward component before veering off towards an option (sampling trials). This implies that there was an initial decision at the early stage of a trial whether to sample information or not. Importantly, the trajectories in sampling trials were not purely upward, but rather had a significant horizontal deviation that was visible early on in the movement. This result suggests that movements to sample information exhibit an online interaction with the decision process. The finding that decision processes interact with actions to sample information supports the ECT under novel, ecologically relevant constrains.

scholarly journals Metacognition in human decision-making: confidence and error monitoring

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1594) ◽  
pp. 1310-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Yeung ◽  
Christopher Summerfield
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Initial Decision ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Explicit Feedback

People are capable of robust evaluations of their decisions: they are often aware of their mistakes even without explicit feedback, and report levels of confidence in their decisions that correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive abilities help people to avoid making the same mistakes twice, and to avoid overcommitting time or resources to decisions that are based on unreliable evidence. In this review, we consider progress in characterizing the neural and mechanistic basis of these related aspects of metacognition—confidence judgements and error monitoring—and identify crucial points of convergence between methods and theories in the two fields. This convergence suggests that common principles govern metacognitive judgements of confidence and accuracy; in particular, a shared reliance on post-decisional processing within the systems responsible for the initial decision. However, research in both fields has focused rather narrowly on simple, discrete decisions—reflecting the correspondingly restricted focus of current models of the decision process itself—raising doubts about the degree to which discovered principles will scale up to explain metacognitive evaluation of real-world decisions and actions that are fluid, temporally extended, and embedded in the broader context of evolving behavioural goals.

scholarly journals A Methodological Framework for Sustainable Office Building Renovation Using Green Building Rating Systems and Cost-Benefit Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6156
Author(s):  
Nataša Šuman ◽  
Mojca Marinič ◽  
Milan Kuhta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Benefit Analysis

Sustainable development is a priority for the future of our society. Sustainable development is of particular importance to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, both for new buildings and for the renovation of existing buildings. Great potential for sustainable development lies in the renovation of existing office buildings. This paper introduces a new framework for identifying the best set of renovation strategies for existing office buildings. The framework applies selected green building rating system criteria and cost-effective sustainable renovation solutions based on cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and thus provides a novelty in decision-making support for the sustainable renovation of office buildings at an early-stage. The framework covers all necessary steps and activities including data collection, determination of the required level of renovation, selection of the green building rating system, identification of impact categories and criteria, and final evaluation and decision-making using CBA. The framework can be used in conjunction with different systems and according to different regional characteristics. The applicability of the addressing procedure is shown through a case study of a comprehensive renovation of an office building in the city of Maribor.

scholarly journals Birds of a Feather Flock Together: Disadvantageous Decision Making in Augmented Restless Legs Syndrome Patients with and without Impulse Control Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Beatrice Heim ◽  
Philipp Ellmerer ◽  
Ambra Stefani ◽  
Anna Heidbreder ◽  
Elisabeth Brandauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Restless Legs Syndrome ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Compulsive Sexual Behavior ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Restless Legs ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Beads Task

Background: Augmentation (AUG) in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) can be associated with impulse control disorder (ICD) symptoms, such as compulsive sexual behavior, gambling disorder or compulsive shopping. In this study, we wanted to assess whether RLS patients with AUG differ in decision making from those patients who have augmentation and in addition ICD symptoms (AUG + ICD) in a post hoc analysis of a patient cohort assessed in a previous study. Methods: In total, 40 RLS patients with augmentation (19 AUG + ICD, 21 AUG without ICDs) were included. RLS diagnosis, severity, and diagnosis of augmentation were made by sleep disorder specialists. ICD symptoms were assessed using semi-structured interviews. All patients performed the beads task, which is an information sampling task where participants must decide from which of the two cups colored beads were drawn. Results were compared to 21 healthy controls (HC). Results: There was no difference in information sampling or irrational decision making between AUG and AUG + ICD patients (p = 0.67 and p = 1.00, respectively). Both patient groups drew less beads and made more irrational decisions than HC (all p-values < 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggest that augmentation itself is associated with poorer decision making even in the absence of ICD symptoms. Further studies are necessary to explore whether rapid and hasty decision making are a harbinger of augmentation in RLS.

scholarly journals Personalized Decision Making on Genomic Testing in Early Breast Cancer: Expanding the MINDACT Trial with Decision-Analytic Modeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2199117
Author(s):  
Ewout W. Steyerberg ◽  
Liesbeth C. de Wreede ◽  
David van Klaveren ◽  
Patrick M. M. Bossuyt
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pragmatic Trial ◽  
Genomic Signature ◽  
Genomic Testing ◽  
Analytic Modeling ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Genomic Test

Background Genomic tests may improve upon clinical risk estimation with traditional prognostic factors. We aimed to explore how evidence on the prognostic strength of a genomic signature (clinical validity) can contribute to individualized decision making on starting chemotherapy for women with breast cancer (clinical utility). Methods The MINDACT trial was a randomized trial that enrolled 6693 women with early-stage breast cancer. A 70-gene signature (Mammaprint) was used to estimate genomic risk, and clinical risk was estimated by a dichotomized version of the Adjuvant!Online risk calculator. Women with discordant risk results were randomized to the use of chemotherapy. We simulated the full risk distribution of these women and estimated individual benefit, assuming a constant relative effect of chemotherapy. Results The trial showed a prognostic effect of the genomic signature (adjusted hazard ratio 2.4). A decision-analytic modeling approach identified far fewer women as candidates for genetic testing (4% rather than 50%) and fewer benefiting from chemotherapy (3% rather than 27%) as compared with the MINDACT trial report. The selection of women benefitting from genetic testing and chemotherapy depended strongly on the required benefit from treatment and the assumed therapeutic effect of chemotherapy. Conclusions A high-quality pragmatic trial was insufficient to directly inform clinical practice on the utility of a genomic test for individual women. The indication for genomic testing may be far more limited than suggested by the MINDACT trial.

An Exploration of Five Stages in Faculty Retirement Decision Making

2020 ◽  
pp. 193672442098298
Author(s):  
Beverlee B. Anderson ◽  
Jennifer Jeffries ◽  
Janet McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Retirement Decision ◽  
Faculty Retirement ◽  
Cognitive Decision

Humans make thousands of decisions each day. Most of the decisions we make are trivial or relatively unimportant in possible consequences. However, there are a few decisions we make in life that are lifechanging; one of those is the decision to retire from the professoriate. Voluntarily deciding to leave a profession where one has spent a substantial portion of one’s working life is one of life’s major decisions. This qualitative research looks at the various influences, actions, and feelings through the process of deciding to retire. Using a five-stage cognitive decision-process model as a framework, this paper reports on the reflections of 20 recent retirees over the five stages of the decision process from when first seriously considering the decision to postretirement activities and feelings. The results show that while all faculty progressed through the five stages, the timeframe, influences, feelings, and actions were unique to each individual.

Exploring and supporting older women's chemotherapy decision-making in early-stage breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan S. Karuturi ◽  
Sharon H. Giordano ◽  
Diana S. Hoover ◽  
Robert J. Volk ◽  
Ashley J. Housten
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Stage Breast Cancer
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