A longitudinal study over 40 years to study the metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

AbstractThe impact of most, but not all, cardiovascular risk factors decline by age. We investigated how the metabolic syndrome (MetS) was related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) during 40 years follow-up in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM, 2,123 men all aged 50 at baseline with reinvestigations at age 60, 70, 77 and 82). The strength of MetS as a risk factor of incident combined end-point of three outcomes (CVD) declined with ageing, as well as for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and heart failure when analysed separately. For CVD, the risk ratio declined from 2.77 (95% CI 1.90–4.05) at age 50 to 1.30 (95% CI 1.05–1.60) at age 82. In conclusion, the strength of MetS as a risk factor of incident CVD declined with age. Since MetS was significantly related to incident CVD also at old age, our findings suggest that the occurrence of MetS in the elderly should not be regarded as innocent. However, since our data were derived in an observational study, any impact of MetS in the elderly needs to be verified in a randomized clinical intervention trial.

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THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ACUTE ISCHEMIC NON-EMBOLIC STROKE IN THE ELDERLY

Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1097/00004872-200406002-00306 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 22 (Suppl. 2) ◽

pp. S89

Author(s):

H. Milionis ◽

E. Liberopoulos ◽

E. Bairaktari ◽

J. Goudevenos ◽

K. Seferiadis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

The Elderly ◽

Embolic Stroke ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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The impact of the metabolic syndrome – but not of hypertension – on all-cause mortality disappears in the elderly

Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834320dc ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 663-668 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Frédérique Thomas ◽

Bruno Pannier ◽

Athanase Benetos ◽

Ulrich M Vischer

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

The Elderly ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

The Impact

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The metabolic syndrome, incidence of diabetes and mortality among the elderly: The Italian Longitudinal Study of Ageing

Diabetes & Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.diabet.2011.09.005 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 135-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Noale ◽

S. Maggi ◽

S. Zanoni ◽

F. Limongi ◽

S. Zambon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

The Elderly ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Mild Parkinsonian Signs Progression in the Elderly

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnagi.2021.722836 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Zeyan Peng ◽

Rui Zhou ◽

Dong Liu ◽

Min Cui ◽

Ke Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Rating Scale ◽

The Elderly ◽

Low Hdl ◽

High Fasting Plasma Glucose ◽

The Impact

Background: This study investigated the impact of metabolic syndrome on the progression from mild parkinsonian signs (MPS) to Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods: A total of 1,563 participants with MPS completed 6 years of follow-up. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made according to Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The evaluations of MPS and PD were based on the motor portion of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the association between metabolic syndrome and PD conversion.Results: Of the 1,563 participants, 482 (30.8%) with MPS developed PD at the end of the follow-up. Metabolic syndrome (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.29–2.03) was associated with the risk of PD conversion. Metabolic syndrome was associated with the progression of bradykinesia (HR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.43–2.34), rigidity (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.19–1.57), tremor (HR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.73–2.32), and gait/balance impairment (HR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.25–2.11). The effect of metabolic syndrome on the progression of bradykinesia and tremor was nearly two fold. Participants treated for two or three to four components of metabolic syndrome, including high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C, had a lower risk of PD conversion.Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome increased the risk of progression from MPS to PD. Participants treated for two or more components of metabolic syndrome had a lower risk of PD conversion.

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The Effects of Smoking Cessation on the Risk Factors for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Follow-Up Study of Veterans

The Journal of Smoking Cessation ◽

10.1017/jsc.2016.10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 143-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Akbar Sharip ◽

Anthony Firek ◽

Serena Tonstad

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Smoking Cessation ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact

Objective: To evaluate the impact of short-term smoking cessation on Metabolic Syndrome (Mets) component risk factors, and hormones related to MetS and human metabolism.Methods: Smoking veterans with MetS, attending stop smoking class, were followed up close to one year. Paired comparisons between after the follow up and baseline data were made using t-test.Results: A total of 95 smoking veterans with MetS completed average close to one year follow up. Thirty subjects completely quit for the average of 6 months, while 36 subjects continued smoking during the follow up. At the end of study, quitters average waist circumference increased 2.98 cm (0.69–5.27), weight increased 2.05 kg (−0.03 to 4.13), HDL cholesterol increased 4.17 mg/dl (1.03–7.32), triglyceride decreased 56.17 mg/dl ((−1.96 to 111.20), and MetS prevalence decreased 13% (p = 0.05). The changes in ghrelin were moderately positively associated with duration of quitting smoking (R2 = 43.99, and p < 0.01).Conclusion: Compared to the baseline, quitters HDL was up, triglyceride was down, and overall MetS prevalence was lower. The longer the duration of quitting, bigger the increase in ghrelin. There were no significant changes in serum leptin, ghrelin, serum insulin, and insulin resistance after quitting smoking.

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The Metabolic Syndrome Is Not Correlated with the Short-term Risk of Decompensation in Patients with Cirrhosis

Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases ◽

10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.234.msy ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 397-403

Author(s):

Bogdan Procopet ◽

Oana Farcau ◽

Marius Balagel ◽

Dana Crisan ◽

Horia Stefanescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Abdominal Circumference ◽

Related Event ◽

Short Term ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Frequent Event ◽

Significant Difference

Background & Aims: Obesity proved to favor clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Our aim was to investigate if metabolic syndrome (MS) in cirrhotic patients represents a risk factor for decompensation.Methods: 704 cirrhotics, included in a MS prevalence study were considered for evaluation; 121 patients were excluded because they did not complete the follow-up and 303 because they were decompensated at the start of the study. The remaining 280 were followed-up for a median period of 28.1±18 months. Patients were censored at the end of follow-up or at occurrence of a liver related event (LRE). Liver related events were considered the following: decompensation (ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, jaundice, encephalopathy), hepatocellular carcinoma, portal vein thrombosis and infections.Results: All MS criteria except the abdominal circumference were significantly different between decompensated and compensated patients. HDL-cholesterol levels were lower in decompensated patients. Among the 280 patients who completed the follow-up, 85 (30%) presented LREs. Ascites was the most frequent event. In the univariate analysis of the MS criteria we found a trend to significance of an inverse correlation between MS and LREs. There was no significant difference between patients with or without MS regarding survival free of LREs, 76.7% and 66.5%, respectively. None of the MS criteria reached the level of significance in discriminating patients with and without LREs.Conclusions: In short term, presence of MS was not a risk factor for LREs. In short term, liver function and lower nutritional status influenced the prognosis. In decompensated patients, the MS defining criteria are not applicable.Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; EV: esophageal varices; HR: hazard ration; HVPG: hepatic venous pressure gradient; LRE: liver related event; MS: metabolic syndrome; PHT: portal hypertension; WC: waist circumference.

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Abstract P123: Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors' Aggregation Within the Seven Countries' Study: 45 Years Follow Up Results

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Biljana Parapid ◽

Nicolas Danchin ◽

Olga Nedeljkovic-Arsenovic ◽

Bratislav Kircanski ◽

Dragana Bubanja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Real Life ◽

Healthy Men ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Initial Cluster ◽

Seven Countries Study ◽

Artery Disease

Introduction: Components of the metabolic syndrome (MetSy) have gone through myriad of changes ever since the initial cluster was defined. The Seven Countries Study taught us the basics of classical risk factors for atherosclerotic artery disease and their influence on both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Material and Methods: In a 3-continent, 7-country (USA, Japan, Greece, the Netherlands, Finland, Italy, and former Yugoslavia then, now Croatia and Serbia) sample of 12,763 participants -- all healthy men over 40 at entry -- systematic, quinquennial checkups were conducted over 4 decades and MetSy was defined using the IDF definition. ResultS: A total of 9,09% of participants were identified to have MetSy, while the detailed description of risk factors' combination is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1, below. Conclusion: The leading combination was hypertension (HTA), diabetes (DM) and dyslipidemia (HLP), while hypertension was the hallmark risk factor irrelevant of presence or absence of MetSy. The results of this study call for a contemporary comprehensive research involving both sexes that could elucidate better real life risk factors' relationships in aforementioned countries.

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