scholarly journals Inter-sexual and inter-generation differences in dispersal of a bivoltine butterfly

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Plazio ◽  
Piotr Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Spring Generation ◽  
Natal Habitat ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Mating Opportunities ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Generation Differences

AbstractIn organisms with discrete generations such as most insects, life-history traits including dispersal abilities often vary between generations. In particular, density-dependent differences in dispersal of bi- and multivoltine species may be expected because subsequent generations are usually characterized by a drastic increase in individual abundance. We investigated the inter-sexual and inter-generation differences in dispersal of a bivoltine butterfly, Lycaena helle, testing the following hypotheses: (1) male emigration is higher in spring generation, as males are prone to leave their natal habitat patches when the density of mating partners is low; (2) female emigration is higher in summer generation, when it helps to reduce intraspecific competition between offspring. The outcome of our analyses of dispersal parameters showed that females of the summer generation emigrated from their natal patches considerably more often than those of the spring generation, whereas an opposite trend was detected in males. These findings offer a novel perspective for our understanding of the advantages of voltinism for metapopulation functioning. The spring generation dispersal mainly improves the random mating opportunities favoured by the increase in male emigration. In turn, the dispersal of females of the summer generation appears the key to long-term metapopulation persistence.

Population fragmentation causes inadequate gene flow and increases extinction risk

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Frankham ◽  
Jonathan D. Ballou ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Michele R. Dudash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Population Fragmentation ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Limited Gene Flow

Most species now have fragmented distributions, often with adverse genetic consequences. The genetic impacts of population fragmentation depend critically upon gene flow among fragments and their effective sizes. Fragmentation with cessation of gene flow is highly harmful in the long term, leading to greater inbreeding, increased loss of genetic diversity, decreased likelihood of evolutionary adaptation and elevated extinction risk, when compared to a single population of the same total size. The consequences of fragmentation with limited gene flow typically lie between those for a large population with random mating and isolated population fragments with no gene flow.

scholarly journals Predicting Rates of Inbreeding in Populations Undergoing Selection

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 1851-1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Woolliams ◽  
Piter Bijma
Keyword(s):  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Correction Term ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractTractable forms of predicting rates of inbreeding (ΔF) in selected populations with general indices, nonrandom mating, and overlapping generations were developed, with the principal results assuming a period of equilibrium in the selection process. An existing theorem concerning the relationship between squared long-term genetic contributions and rates of inbreeding was extended to nonrandom mating and to overlapping generations. ΔF was shown to be ~¼(1 − ω) times the expected sum of squared lifetime contributions, where ω is the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. This relationship cannot be used for prediction since it is based upon observed quantities. Therefore, the relationship was further developed to express ΔF in terms of expected long-term contributions that are conditional on a set of selective advantages that relate the selection processes in two consecutive generations and are predictable quantities. With random mating, if selected family sizes are assumed to be independent Poisson variables then the expected long-term contribution could be substituted for the observed, providing ¼ (since ω = 0) was increased to ½. Established theory was used to provide a correction term to account for deviations from the Poisson assumptions. The equations were successfully applied, using simple linear models, to the problem of predicting ΔF with sib indices in discrete generations since previously published solutions had proved complex.

scholarly journals Decline in the frequency and benefits of multiple brooding in great tits as a consequence of a changing environment

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1663) ◽  
pp. 1845-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Husby ◽  
Loeske E.B. Kruuk ◽  
Marcel E. Visser
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Double Brooding ◽  
First Clutch ◽  
Second Clutch ◽  
Reproductive Events

For multiple-brooded species, the number of reproductive events per year is a major determinant of an individual's fitness. Where multiple brooding is facultative, its occurrence is likely to change with environmental conditions, and, as a consequence, the current rates of environmental change could have substantial impacts on breeding patterns. Here we examine temporal population-level trends in the proportion of female great tits ( Parus major ) producing two clutches per year (‘double brooding’) in four long-term study populations in The Netherlands, and show that the proportion of females that double brood has declined in all populations, with the strongest decline taking place in the last 30 years of the study. For one of the populations, for which we have data on caterpillar abundance, we show that the probability that a female produces a second clutch was related to the timing of her first clutch relative to the peak in caterpillar abundance, and that the probability of double brooding declined over the study period. We further show that the number of recruits from the second clutch decreased significantly over the period 1973–2004 in all populations. Our results indicate that adjustment to changing climatic conditions may involve shifts in life-history traits other than simply the timing of breeding.

scholarly journals Long-term changes in the susceptibility of corals to thermal stress around Phuket, Thailand

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalita Putchim ◽  
Niphon Phongsuwan ◽  
Chaimongkol Yaemarunpattana ◽  
Nalinee Thongtham ◽  
Claudio Richter
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Belt Transect ◽  
Line Intercept

The bleaching susceptibility of 28 coral taxa around southern Phuket was examined in four natural major bleaching events, in 1991, 1995, 2010, and 2016. Surveys were conducted by line intercept and belt transect methods. All coral colonies were identified to genus or species-level and their pigmentation status was assessed as: (1) fully pigmented (i.e. no bleaching), (2) pale (loss of colour), (3) fully bleached, and (4) recently dead as a result of bleaching-induced mortality. Bleaching and mortality indices were calculated to compare bleaching susceptibility among coral taxa. In 2016 some of the formerly bleaching susceptible coral taxa (e.g. Acropora, Montipora, Echinopora, and Pocillopora damicornis) showed far greater tolerance to elevated sea water temperature than in previous years. In P. damicornis the higher bleaching resistance encompassed all sizes from juveniles (<5cm) to adults (>30cm). In contrast, some of the formerly bleaching-resistant corals (e.g. the massive Porites, Goniastrea, Dipsastraea, and Favites) became more susceptible to bleaching over repeated thermal stress events. Our results support the hypothesis that some of the fast-growing branching corals (Acropora, Montipora, and Pocillopora) may have life-history traits that lead to more rapid adaptation to a changed environment than certain growing massive species.

Laying date of marsh tits Parus palustris in relation to climate change

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdravko Dolenec
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Bird Breeding ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Marsh Tit ◽  
Term Data

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that climate change affects bird breeding phenology and other life-history traits of wildlife. This study is based on the mean spring temperatures (February, March, April) and laying dates of first eggs of the marsh tit Parus palustris. We collected data from 1984 to 2004 for the Mokrice area in NW Croatia. Correlation between laying date and mean spring temperatures was significant. The relationship between mean laying date (y) and air temperature (x) can be expressed as y = 44.69 − 2.08x. Results indicate that spring temperatures are a good predictor of timing of laying eggs. Such long-term data could than be used in order to assess the effects on biological systems if human activities influence climate.

Calcium effects on life-history traits in a wild population of the great tit (Parus major): analysis of long-term data at several spatial scales

Oecologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teddy Albert Wilkin ◽  
Andrew G. Gosler ◽  
Dany Garant ◽  
S. James Reynolds ◽  
Ben C. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Great Tit ◽  
Calcium Effects ◽  
Term Data

Evolution in diploid populations by continuity of gametic types

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Ilan Eshel
Keyword(s):  
Random Mating ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Diploid Population ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Diploid Populations ◽  
Mutation And Selection

This work studies the long-term effects of mutation and selection pressures on a diploid population embracing many genetic types. A number of results previously established for the simpler asexual case (see [4]) are extended to the cases of random mating and complete inbreeding (Theorem 1), and then, under particular conditions, to certain circumstances of mixed random mating and inbreeding (Theorem 3 and Corollary 1). Several implications for sex and diploidity are drawn from Theorem 2 and its corollaries. Further biological interpretations of these findings, especially of Theorem 2, are given in [3].

Intergenerational fluctuations in colour morph frequencies may maintain elytral polymorphisms in the ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-734
Author(s):  
Yasuko Kawakami ◽  
Kazuo Yamazaki ◽  
Kazunori Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Colour Morph ◽  
Ladybird Beetle ◽  
Term Field ◽  
Hatching Rates

Abstract Phenotypic polymorphisms are found in a wide array of taxa, and unravelling the mechanisms that maintain them is of great interest to evolutionary and ecological biologists. Temporal environmental heterogeneity may play a role in the maintenance of polymorphisms but is poorly understood. In the present study, we analysed trends in intergenerational elytral colour morph frequencies in relation to changes in fitness and life history traits (i.e. body size, mortality, fecundity, hatching rate and mate preference) in the ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). A long-term field survey spanning nine years showed that the frequency of dark morphs increases over winter and then decreases in spring. Dark morphs may have an advantage in winter due to their higher tolerance of low temperatures compared with light morphs. Light-morph females were heavier in winter than dark-morph females. They also mated more frequently and had higher hatching rates, potentially causing an increase in light morphs in spring. These results suggest that fluctuations in morph frequencies resulting from the conflicting directions of selection pressures between overwintering and spring generations may help to maintain genetic polymorphism.

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