scholarly journals Determination of quasi-primary odors by endpoint detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanxiao Xu ◽  
Koki Kitai ◽  
Kosuke Minami ◽  
Makito Nakatsu ◽  
Genki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Arbitrary Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endpoint Detection ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Given

AbstractIt is known that there are no primary odors that can represent any other odors with their combination. Here, we propose an alternative approach: “quasi” primary odors. This approach comprises the following condition and method: (1) within a collected dataset and (2) by the machine learning-based endpoint detection. The quasi-primary odors are selected from the odors included in a collected odor dataset according to the endpoint score. While it is limited within the given dataset, the combination of such quasi-primary odors with certain ratios can reproduce any other odor in the dataset. To visually demonstrate this approach, the three quasi-primary odors having top three high endpoint scores are assigned to the vertices of a chromaticity triangle with red, green, and blue. Then, the other odors in the dataset are projected onto the chromaticity triangle to have their unique colors. The number of quasi-primary odors is not limited to three but can be set to an arbitrary number. With this approach, one can first find “extreme” odors (i.e., quasi-primary odors) in a given odor dataset, and then, reproduce any other odor in the dataset or even synthesize a new arbitrary odor by combining such quasi-primary odors with certain ratios.

scholarly journals A New Linear Classifier Based on Combining Supervised and Unsupervised Techniques

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Luminiţa State ◽  
Iuliana Paraschiv-Munteanu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Learning Sequence ◽  
Empirical Risk ◽  
Linear Classifier ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Suitable Structure ◽  
Selection Of

<p>The aim of the research reported in the paper is to obtain an alternative approach in using Support Vector Machine (SVM) in case of nonlinearly separable data based on using the k-means algorithm instead of the standard kernel based approach. <br />The SVM is a relatively new concept in machine learning and it was introduced by Vapnik in 1995. In designing a classifier, two main problems have to be solved, on one hand the option concerning a suitable structure and on the other hand the selection of an algorithm for parameter estimation. <br />The algorithm for parameter estimation performs the optimization of a convenable selected cost function with respect to the empirical risk which is directly related to the representativeness of the available learning sequence. The choice of the structure is made such that to maximize the generalization capacity, that is to assure good performance in classifying new data coming from the same classes. In solving these problems one has to establish a balance between the accuracy in encoding the learning sequence and the generalization capacities because usually the over-fitting prevents the minimization of the empirical risk.</p>

Sobre a Natureza das Proposições Silogísticas em Aristóteles

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (28) ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
António Pedro Mesquita ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
State Relations ◽  
The Given

The aim of this paper is to clarify and support the following hypothesis: the four propositional forms of Aristotelian syllogistics (AaB, AeB, AiB, AoB) state relations between universals, or are primarily conceptual. We characterize as “conceptual” those propositions which deal only with concepts and ignore any reference to objects. In a conceptual proposition, therefore, the reference is tacitly present in the simple occurrence of the terms, but is neutralised or cancelled out, because it is only the intension of these terms, that is, the concepts, which are dealt with in the proposition. On the other hand, we characterize as “objectual” those propositions (whether extensional or intensional in modem terms) which deal directly or indirectly of objects, even when, as it is often the case, a concept has to be assumed in the determination of these objects. In the present paper we try to confirm this hypothesis, by answering the following questions: (i) how to interpret the kind of predication present in each type of syllogistic proposition; (ii) if these predications really express relations between universals in the given sense and, therefore, if the propositions that express them are conceptual propositions in this sense; and to what measure can these propositions serve to introduce, also, objectual propositions.

scholarly journals A hybrid analytical–numerical algorithm for determining the neuronal current via electroencephalography

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (163) ◽  
pp. 20190831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parham Hashemzadeh ◽  
A. S. Fokas ◽  
C. B. Schönlieb
Keyword(s):  
Electric Potential ◽  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Auxiliary Function ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Neuronal Current ◽  
The Given

Specific mental processes are associated with brain activation of a unique form, which are, in turn, expressed via the generation of specific neuronal electric currents. Electroencephalography (EEG) is based on measurements on the scalp of the electric potential generated by the neuronal current flowing in the cortex. This specific form of EEG data has been employed for a plethora of medical applications, from sleep studies to diagnosing focal epilepsy. In recent years, there have been efforts to use EEG data for a more ambitious purpose, namely to determine the underlying neuronal current. Although it has been known since 1853, from the studies by Helmholtz, that the knowledge of the electric potential of the external surface of a conductor is insufficient for the determination of the electric current that gave rise to this potential, the important question of which part of the current can actually be determined from the knowledge of this potential remained open until work published in 1997, when it was shown that EEG provides information only about the irrotational part of the current, which will be denoted by Ψ ; moreover, an explicit formula was derived in the above work relating this part of the current, the measured electric potential, and a certain auxiliary function, v s , that depends on the geometry of the various compartments of the brain–head system and their conductivities. In the present paper: (i) Motivated by recent results which show that, in the case of ellipsoidal geometry, the assumption of the L 2 minimization of the current yields a unique solution, we derive an analogous analytic formula characterizing this minimization for arbitrary geometry. (ii) We show that the above auxiliary function can be computed numerically via a line integral from the values of a related function v s computed via OpenMEEG; moreover, we propose an alternative approach to computing the auxiliary function v s based on the construction of a certain surrogate model. (iii) By expanding Ψ in terms of an inverse multiquadric radial basis we implement the relevant formulae numerically. The above algorithm performs well for synthetic data; its implementation with real data only requires the knowledge of the coordinates of the positions where the given EEG data are obtained.

Verification of accuracy of standard thermodynamic data of inorganic electrolytes

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Balej
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Thermodynamic Data ◽  
Saturated Solution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Verification Method ◽  
The Given ◽  
Aqueous Standard ◽  
Mean Activity Coefficients

Accuracy of standard thermodynamic data for some inorganic electrolytes of the types 1-1, 1-2 and 2-1 at 25 °C, in the solid state or aqueous standard solutions, presented in NBS Tables (1982), has been checked. For the purpose, the condition for the pure solid–saturated solution equilibrium and reliable values of solubilities, mean activity coefficients and water activity in saturated solution at the given temperature were used. In most cases, a very good reliability and consistency of all relevant data have been found. On the other hand, some discrepancies have been observed for NaNO3, NaClO4/NaClO4 pair, Na2HPO4·12H2O/Na2HPO4 pair, K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, (NH4)2SO4 and SrCl2·6H2O/SrCl2 pair the reason of which is not yet known. The verification method can be used for the determination of lacking thermodynamic data. The method has been applied to ΔGşf,cr of NaCNS·2H2O, NaH2PO4·2H2O, Na2CrO4·6H2O, Na2WO4·2H2O, MgI2·8H2O and CaCl2·6H2O at 25 °C. A suitable method has been used for the determination of the most probable solubility in the case when the values scatter. The used methods are applicable to all types of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.

scholarly journals A New Framework for the Determination of the Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of the Quantum Harmonic Oscillator

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Francis T. Oduro ◽  
Amos Odoom
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
The Other ◽  
Erential Equation ◽  
Quantum Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
Eigenvalues And Eigenfunctions ◽  
Energy Eigenvalues ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Schmidt Orthogonalization ◽  
New Framework

This study was designed to obtain the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding Eigenfunctions of the Quantum Harmonic oscillator through an alternative approach. Starting with an appropriate family of solutions to a relevant linear di erential equation, we recover the Schr&uml;odinger Equation together with its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Quantum Harmonic Oscillator via the use of Gram Schmidt orthogonalization process in the usual Hilbert space. Significantly, it was found that there exists two separate sequences arising from the Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization process; one in respect of the even eigenfunctions and the other in respect of the odd eigenfunctions.

scholarly journals The optimum temperature of salicin hydrolysis by enzyme action is independent of the concentrations of substrate and enzyme

1914 ◽  
Vol 87 (594) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Constant Concentration ◽  
M 10 ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Preliminary Determination

The object of the present investigation is to ascertain the influence, if any, on the optimum temperature—temperature of greatest activity—of an enzyme, of the concentration, on the one hand, of the substrate, and, on the other, of the enzyme. The investigation, involving two variables, presents three cases for consideration, according as the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the enzyme are varied separately or together. An account is given of the results obtained with the enzyme or enzymic function, present in sweet-almond emulsin, which hydrolyses the glucoside salicin with the production of equimolecular quantities of glucose and saligenin. A commercial specimen of Merck’s emulsin was used, while the purity of the salicin employed was ascertained by determining its melting point (200-5°) and its optical activity ([ α ] 21 D = -62·7°). The successive stages in the inquiry may be briefly summarised as follows: (1) a preliminary determination of the activity of the specimen under certain chosen conditions as regards the concentration of the substrate, the temperature, and the duration of the experiment; (2) a preliminary determination of the optimum temperature with the quantity of enzyme found capable of producing 50 per cent, hydrolysis of the substrate under the above conditions; (3) a determination of the activity curves of the enzyme at the temperature thus found, in an action of the same duration for five concentrations of the substrate M/5, M/10, M/15, M/30, and M/50; (4) a determination of the optimum temperature of the enzyme for each of the five concentrations of the substrate in presence of a constant enzyme concentration ; (5) a determination of the optimum temperature of the enzyme for each of the five concentrations of the substrate with quantities of enzyme indicated by the activity curves as capable of producing 70 per cent, hydrolysis of the substrate in the given time: (6) a determination of the optimum temperature of the enzyme for a constant concentration of the substrate in presence of different enzyme concentrations.

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

Determination of the Burgers vector of a dislocation in a Fe-Mn alloy by weak-beam image in HVEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
Y. Ishida ◽  
H. Ishida ◽  
K. Kohra ◽  
H. Ichinose
Keyword(s):  
High Order ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Diffraction Vector ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Beam Image ◽  
Edge Component

IntroductionA simple and accurate technique to determine the Burgers vector of a dislocation has become feasible with the advent of HVEM. The conventional image vanishing technique(1) using Bragg conditions with the diffraction vector perpendicular to the Burgers vector suffers from various drawbacks; The dislocation image appears even when the g.b = 0 criterion is satisfied, if the edge component of the dislocation is large. On the other hand, the image disappears for certain high order diffractions even when g.b ≠ 0. Furthermore, the determination of the magnitude of the Burgers vector is not easy with the criterion. Recent image simulation technique is free from the ambiguities but require too many parameters for the computation. The weak-beam “fringe counting” technique investigated in the present study is immune from the problems. Even the magnitude of the Burgers vector is determined from the number of the terminating thickness fringes at the exit of the dislocation in wedge shaped foil surfaces.

Procedures for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin C

1962 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond R Cole ◽  
Ewa Marciniak ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Plasma Sample ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryTwo quantitative procedures for autoprothrombin C are described. In one of these purified prothrombin is used as a substrate, and the activity of autoprothrombin C can be measured even if thrombin is in the preparation. In this procedure a reaction mixture is used wherein the thrombin titer which develops in 20 minutes is proportional to the autoprothrombin C in the reaction mixture. A unit is defined as the amount which will generate 70 units of thrombin in the standardized reaction mixture. In the other method thrombin interferes with the result, because a standard bovine plasma sample is recalcified and the clotting time is noted. Autoprothrombin C shortens the clotting time, and the extent of this is a quantitative measure of autoprothrombin C activity.

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