scholarly journals Similarity of gaze patterns across physical and virtual versions of an installation artwork

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doga Gulhan ◽  
Szonya Durant ◽  
Johannes M. Zanker
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Art Galleries ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Museum Visitors ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Room Design ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to compare museum visitors’ gaze patterns using mobile eye-trackers, whilst they were engaging with a physical and a virtual reality (VR) installation of Piet Mondrian’s Neo-plasticist room design. Visitors’ eye movements produced approximately 25,000 fixations and were analysed using linear mixed-effects models. Absolute and area-normalized dwell time analyses yielded mostly non-significant main effects of the environment, indicating similarity of visual exploration patterns between physical and VR settings. One major difference observed was the decrease of average fixation duration in VR, where visitors tended to more rapidly switch focus in this environment with shorter bursts of attentional focus. The experiment demonstrated the ability to compare gaze data between physical and virtual environments as a proxy to measure the similarity of aesthetic experience. Similarity of viewing patterns along with questionnaire results suggested that virtual galleries can be treated as ecologically valid environments that are parallel to physical art galleries.

An Experiment on Anonymity and Multi-User Virtual Environments

2016 ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Richard N. Landers ◽  
Rachel C. Callan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Online Discussion ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Hierarchical Multiple Regression ◽  
Learner Identity ◽  
Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Main Effects

Little prior research has empirically examined anonymity in learning. In this study, we manipulated learner identity by experimentally assigning learners to participate in online discussion either anonymously or using their actual name, crossed with learning medium (OpenSim/Second Life vs. real-time chat), with the goal of determining if anonymous discussion in multi-user virtual environments (MUVE) provides unique value to learning (a 2x2 between-subjects design). Results from a quantitative hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed both main effects: participants who were anonymous scored lower (d = -0.46) and participants discussing in a MUVE scored lower (d = -0.47) on the learning measure without interactive effect, suggesting that anonymizing participants during content-related discussion may reduce learning under certain circumstances. We suggest instructors encourage learners to represent themselves authentically in any VEs to maximize learning and also discourage instructors from adopting MUVEs if their only reason to do so is to host synchronous discussion.

An Experiment on Anonymity and Multi-User Virtual Environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Landers ◽  
Rachel C. Callan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Online Discussion ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Hierarchical Multiple Regression ◽  
Learner Identity ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Do So

Little prior research has empirically examined anonymity in learning. In this study, we manipulated learner identity by experimentally assigning learners to participate in online discussion either anonymously or using their actual name, crossed with learning medium (OpenSim/Second Life vs. real-time chat), with the goal of determining if anonymous discussion in multi-user virtual environments (MUVE) provides unique value to learning (a 2x2 between-subjects design). Results from a quantitative hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed both main effects: participants who were anonymous scored lower (d = -0.46) and participants discussing in a MUVE scored lower (d = -0.47) on the learning measure without interactive effect, suggesting that anonymizing participants during content-related discussion may reduce learning under certain circumstances. The authors suggest instructors encourage learners to represent themselves authentically in any VEs to maximize learning and also discourage instructors from adopting MUVEs if their only reason to do so is to host synchronous discussion.

Contemporary publishing by national museums and art galleries in the UK and its future

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Anne Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Art Gallery ◽  
Art Galleries ◽  
Museum Visitors ◽  
Book Sales ◽  
Contextual Understanding ◽  
National Museums ◽  
Museum Staff ◽  
Academic Register ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Diverse Audience

Changes in the format, design and content of museum and art gallery exhibition catalogues can be traced to the visibility and popularity of these souvenirs for the block-buster exhibitions of the 1970s. The increased museum revenue from these book sales and the need, perceived by the publishers recruited to museum staff from a trade background, to address the interests of a more diverse audience are identified as the two main instigators of these changes. The resulting exhibition catalogues play down the scholarly apparatus, offer more images particularly to enhance the reader’s contextual understanding and, in some cases, ameliorate the academic register of the writing. The uses made of exhibition books by institutions, their associated sponsors and museum visitors is commented on.

scholarly journals Moderate aerobic exercise, but not anticipation of exercise, improves cognitive control

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242270
Author(s):  
Maximilian Bergelt ◽  
Vanessa Fung Yuan ◽  
Richard O’Brien ◽  
Laura E. Middleton ◽  
Wellington Martins dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Main Effects

Background Evidence suggests a single bout of exercise can improve cognitive control. However, many studies only include assessments after exercise. It is unclear whether exercise changes as a result, or in anticipation, of exercise. Objective To examine changes in cognitive control due to moderate aerobic exercise, and anticipation of such exercise. Methods Thirty-one young healthy adults (mean age 22 years; 55% women) completed three conditions (randomized order): 1) exercise (participants anticipated and completed exercise); 2) anticipation (participants anticipated exercise but completed rest); and 3) rest (participants anticipated and completed rest). Cognitive control was assessed with a modified Flanker task at three timepoints: (1) early (20 min pre-intervention, pre-reveal in anticipation session); (2) pre-intervention (after reveal); and (3) post-intervention. An accuracy-weighted response time (RTLISAS) was the primary outcome, analyzed with a linear mixed effects modeling approach. Results There was an interaction between condition and time (p = 0.003) and between session and time (p = 0.015). RTLISAS was better post-exercise than post-rest and post-deception, but was similar across conditions at other timepoints. RTLISAS improved across time in session 1 and session 2, but did not improve over time in session 3. There were also main effects of condition (p = 0.024), session (p = 0.005), time (p<0.001), and congruency (p<0.001). Conclusions Cognitive control improved after moderate aerobic exercise, but not in anticipation of exercise. Improvements on a Flanker task were also observed across sessions and time, indicative of a learning effect that should be considered in study design and analyses.

scholarly journals Physiological Compensation for Advanced Bolus Location at Swallow Onset: A Retrospective Analysis in Healthy Seniors

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4351-4355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica G. Herzberg ◽  
Danielle Brates ◽  
Sonja M. Molfenter
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Barium Swallow ◽  
Bolus Volume ◽  
Posterior Angle ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Laryngeal Vestibule ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Previous work has established that advanced bolus location at swallow onset (BLSO) alone is not correlated with an increased swallowing safety risk in healthy seniors. The primary goal of this retrospective study was to examine whether healthy seniors systematically alter their laryngeal vestibule closure reaction time (LVCrt) to maintain a safe swallow in the context of advanced BLSO. The secondary goal was to determine if longer LVCrt distinguished Penetration–Aspiration Scale (PAS; Rosenbek, Robbins, Roecker, Coyle, & Wood, 1996) scores of 1 versus 2. Method Videofluoroscopy studies from 43 healthy seniors (21 men, 22 women; M age = 76.7 years, SD = 7.2) were analyzed. LVCrt was calculated for 3 × 5 ml and 3 × 20 ml thin liquid barium boluses per participant. PAS and BLSO (Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile Component 6) were scored for all swallows. Reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > .75) was established on all measures. A linear mixed-effects regression was run to examine the effect of PAS and BLSO on LVCrt while controlling for bolus volume and repeated swallow trial. Results There was a main effect of BLSO ( F = 4.6, p = .004) and PAS ( F = 29.3, p < .001) on LVCrt. Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that LVCrt was significantly faster in BLSO scores of 3 (pyriforms) compared to scores of both 0 (posterior angle of the ramus) and 1 (valleculae). Significantly prolonged LVCrt was observed in PAS scores of 2 in comparison to 1. No significant main effects of bolus volume or trial, or interactions, were observed. Conclusions Our findings suggest that healthy seniors compensate for advanced BLSO by increasing their LVCrt. Furthermore, faster LVCrt was shown to distinguish PAS scores of 1 versus 2. Additional work should explore the relationship between LVCrt, BLSO, and PAS scores in dysphagic populations, specifically those with known sensory impairments.

A Cultural Semiotic Aesthetic Approach for a Virtual Heritage Project

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
Chrysanthos Voutounos ◽  
Andreas Lanitis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Virtual Museum ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Byzantine Art ◽  
Semiotic Model ◽  
Virtual Heritage

This paper presents an integrated framework applied towards the design and evaluation of a virtual museum of Byzantine art that combines the theorized fields of semiotics, virtual heritage (VH), and Byzantine art. A devised semiotic model, the case study semiosphere, synthesizes important principles from the theoretical background justifying the overall design and evaluation methodology. The approach presented has theoretical extensions to the understanding of the role technology plays in promoting a consummatory aesthetic experience for Byzantine art in virtual environments, complementing the experience received from traditional Byzantine art media. Part A of the work presents the development of the semiotic foundation of the study prior to presenting the applied potential of the approach in design and evaluation of VH for Byzantine art, which appears in Part B. The final task of the proposed approach aims to support a meaningful interpretation, assisting in the promotion of the significance (value) of the virtual museum to potential interpreters/visitors.

Assessing the Impact of Control and Sensory Compatibility on Sickness in Virtual Environments

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (22) ◽  
pp. 1122-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Rich ◽  
Curt C. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact

Virtual reality (VR) users are frequently limited by motion sickness-like symptoms. One factor that might influence sickness in VR is the level of control one has in a virtual environment. Reason's Sensory Conflict Theory suggested that motion sickness occurs when incompatibilities exist between four sensory inputs. It is possible that control and sensory compatibility are positively related. If this is the case, increasing control in a virtual environment should result in decreasing symptomology. To test this, the present study used the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire to measure symptomology of 163 participants after exposure to a virtual environment. Three levels of control and compatibility were assessed. It was hypothesized that the participants with control and compatible sensory information would experience fewer symptoms than participants in either the control/incompatible or no control/incompatible conditions. Although significant main effects were found for both gender and condition, the findings were opposite of those hypothesized. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.

scholarly journals Alexithymia explains atypical spatio-temporal dynamics of eye gaze in autism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helio Clemente Cuve ◽  
Santiago Castiello ◽  
brook shiferaw ◽  
Eri Ichijo ◽  
Caroline Catmur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Recognition of emotional facial expressions is considered to be atypical in autism. This difficulty is thought to be due to the way that facial expressions are visually explored. Evidence for atypical visual exploration of emotional faces in autism is, however, equivocal. We propose that, where observed, atypical visual exploration of emotional facial expressions is due to alexithymia, a distinct but frequently co-occurring condition. In this eye-tracking study we tested the alexithymia hypothesis using a number of recent methodological advances to study eye gaze during several emotion processing tasks (emotion recognition, intensity judgements, free gaze), in 25 adults with, and 45 without, autism. A multilevel polynomial modelling strategy was used to describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of eye gaze to emotional facial expressions. Converging evidence from traditional and novel analysis methods revealed that atypical gaze to the eyes is best predicted by alexithymia in both autistic and non-autistic individuals. Information theoretic metrics also revealed differential effects of task on gaze patterns as a function of alexithymia, but not autism. These findings highlight factors underlying atypical emotion processing in autistic individuals, with wide-ranging implications for emotion research.

scholarly journals Place and Cultural Capital: Art Museum Visitors Across Space

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Hanquinet
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Museum Visitors ◽  
Urban Characteristics ◽  
The Way

In the establishment of people’s lifestyles, places, and especially cities, havebecome central arenas for display and consumption, and have become part ofthe aesthetic experience itself. These changes have affected the composition ofcultural capital, which may have then taken an urban dimension. Art museumvisitors, often associated with highbrow culture, constitute an excellent case studyto explore the links between cultural capital and place. Based on a survey of 1900visitors of the six main museums of modern and contemporary art in Belgium,this article will focus on the distribution of the audience characterized by theircultural tastes and activities across the Belgian territory (through their postcodes).It shows that visitors mainly come from areas with high and moderate densityand that the socio-demographic but also urban characteristics of their place ofresidence can be related to the way visitors’ cultural capital is composed. Yet,it also suggests that places like cities (just like museums) form meeting places,in which co-exist and interact different stories, different trajectories and, as thisarticle shows, a multiplicity of lifestyles.Keywords: Museum visitors; Pierre Bourdieu; cultural capital; audiences; Belgium.

Using Psychophysics to Measure Negative Side Effects in Immersive Virtual Environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (21) ◽  
pp. 1501-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. McGee
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Immersive Virtual Environments ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Main Effects

A study was done to determine the effectiveness of using free modulus magnitude estimation, a psychophysical measurement technique, to assess the experience of negative side effects in users of immersive virtual environments (VEs). Two different task environments, a maze and an office, were factorially combined with head-tracking on or off to provide multiple levels of side effect inducing conditions. Sixteen subjects participated in a four day experiment. Both head-tracking and task environment showed significant main effects. The experiment showed that magnitude estimation is a sensitive, efficient, and effective measure of negative side effects experienced in users of immersive VEs.

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