scholarly journals Trade-offs between vocal accommodation and individual recognisability in common marmoset vocalizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zürcher ◽  
E. P. Willems ◽  
J. M. Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Pair Formation ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Social Closeness ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Contact Calls

AbstractRecent studies find increasing evidence for vocal accommodation in nonhuman primates, indicating that this form of vocal learning is more prevalent than previously thought. Convergent vocal accommodation (i.e. becoming more similar to partners) indicates social closeness. At the same time, however, becoming too similar may compromise individual recognisability. This is especially problematic if individual recognisability is an important part of the call function, like in long-distance contact calls. In contrast, in calls with a different function, the trade-off between signalling social closeness and individual recognisability might be less severe. We therefore hypothesized that the extent and consequences of accommodation depend on the function of a given call, and expected (1) more accommodation in calls for which individual identity is less crucial and (2) that individual identity is less compromised in calls that serve mainly to transmit identity compared to calls where individual recognisability is less important. We quantified vocal accommodation in three call types over the process of pair formation in common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus, n = 20). These three call types have different functions and vary with the degree to which they refer to individual identity of the caller. In accordance with our predictions, we found that animals converged most in close contact calls (trill calls), but less in calls where individual identity is more essential (phee- and food calls). In two out of three call types, the amount of accommodation was predicted by the initial vocal distance. Moreover, accommodation led to a drop in statistical individual recognisability in trill calls, but not in phee calls and food calls. Overall, our study shows that patterns of vocal accommodation vary between call types with different functions, suggestive of trade-offs between signalling social closeness and individual recognisability in marmoset vocalizations.

scholarly journals From tree to architecture: how functional morphology of arborescence connects plant biology, evolution and physics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Roth-Nebelsick ◽  
Tatiana Miranda ◽  
Martin Ebner ◽  
Wilfried Konrad ◽  
Christopher Traiser
Keyword(s):  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Interfacial Physics ◽  
Plant Water Transport

AbstractTrees are the fundamental element of forest ecosystems, made possible by their mechanical qualities and their highly sophisticated conductive tissues. The evolution of trees, and thereby the evolution of forests, were ecologically transformative and affected climate and biogeochemical cycles fundamentally. Trees also offer a substantial amount of ecological niches for other organisms, such as epiphytes, creating a vast amount of habitats. During land plant evolution, a variety of different tree constructions evolved and their constructional principles are a subject of ongoing research. Understanding the “natural construction” of trees benefits strongly from methods and approaches from physics and engineering. Plant water transport is a good example for the ongoing demand for interdisciplinary efforts to unravel form-function relationships on vastly differing scales. Identification of the unique mechanism of water long-distance transport requires a solid basis of interfacial physics and thermodynamics. Studying tree functions by using theoretical approaches is, however, not a one-sided affair: The complex interrelationships between traits, functionality, trade-offs and phylogeny inspire engineers, physicists and architects until today.

scholarly journals Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. I. Energy Metabolism, Behavior, and Body‐Mass Regulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Vézina ◽  
Magali Petit ◽  
Deborah M. Buehler ◽  
Anne Dekinga ◽  
Theunis Piersma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Body Mass Regulation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Access To Food

scholarly journals Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. II. Constitutive Immune Function and the Acute‐Phase Response

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Buehler ◽  
Francisco Encinas‐Viso ◽  
Magali Petit ◽  
François Vézina ◽  
B. Irene Tieleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Access To Food

scholarly journals Absence of intestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in nonhuman primates

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Batista Xavier ◽  
Adriana Helena Rosa ◽  
Hilana dos Santos Sena ◽  
Danillo Simonini Teixeira ◽  
Carlos Tomaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Virulence Traits ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

The animal reservoirs of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have important role in the epidemiology of the bacteria and resistant genes. The present work searched fecal samples taken off nonhuman primates for the presence of VRE. Resistance profiles, virulence traits, and genetic variability among enterococci isolates were also analyzed. The samples included Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella, n=28) and Common marmoset (Callithrix penicillata, n=37) housed in the Primate Center of the University of Brasília, Brazil. Most individuals were captive monkeys from the Central-West and South-East regions of Brazil (n=48). We collected rectal swabs and carried out selective isolation followed by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to identify species and resistance genes. No vanA or vanB-containing enterococci were found. The carriage rates ranged from 1.5% for the VanC-type E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum until 12.3% (n=8) for Enterococcus faecalis. All E. faecalis isolates showed susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and streptomycin. The virulence genes ace and esp were prevalent (100.0%, 87.5%). Multilocus variable number of tandem repeats (MLVA) revealed diversity in the number of repeats among E. faecalis isolates and targets, which was higher for espC, efa5, and efa6. We identified six different MLVA genotypes that were divergent from those described in human beings. Also, they were clustered into two genogroups that showed host-specificity for the species Cebus apella or Callithrix penicillata. In conclusion, no vanA- or vanB-containing enterococci were found colonizing those primate individuals. This finding suggested that the primate individuals investigated in our study are not directly involved in the epidemiological chain of high-level vancomycin-resistant genes vanA or vanB in Brazil. Our study also showed that E. faecalis isolated from nonhuman primates carry virulence traits and have ability to spread their lineages among different individuals.

scholarly journals Chimpanzee pant-hoots encode information about individual but not group differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisarg P. Desai ◽  
Pawel Fedurek ◽  
Katie E. Slocombe ◽  
Michael L. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
National Park ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Gombe National Park ◽  
Pant Hoot ◽  
Community Variation ◽  
Acoustic Variation

AbstractVocal learning, the ability to voluntarily modify the acoustic structure of vocalizations based on social cues, is a fundamental feature of speech in humans (Homo sapiens). While vocal learning is common in taxa such as songbirds and whales, the vocal learning capacities of nonhuman primates appear more limited. Intriguingly, evidence for vocal learning has been reported in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), for example in the form of regional variation (‘dialects’) in the ‘pant-hoot’ calls. This suggests that some capacity for vocal learning may be an ancient feature of the Pan-Homo clade. Nonetheless, reported differences have been subtle, with inter-community variation representing only a small portion of the total acoustic variation. To gain further insights into the extent of regional variation in chimpanzee vocalizations, we performed an analysis of pant-hoots from chimpanzees in the neighboring Kasekela and Mitumba communities at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and the geographically distant Kanyawara community at Kibale National Park, Uganda. We observed group differences only among the geographically isolated communities and did not find any differences between the neighboring communities at Gombe. Furthermore, we found differences among individuals in all communities. Hence, the variation in chimpanzee pant-hoots reflected individual differences, rather than group differences. The limited evidences for vocal learning in Pan suggest that extensive vocal learning emerged in the human lineage after the divergence from Pan.

scholarly journals Memories of Migrations Past: Sociality and Cognition in Dynamic, Seasonal Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliezer Gurarie ◽  
Sriya Potluri ◽  
George Christopher Cosner ◽  
Robert Stephen Cantrell ◽  
William F. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Migration Behavior ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Resource Dynamics

Seasonal migrations are a widespread and broadly successful strategy for animals to exploit periodic and localized resources over large spatial scales. It remains an open and largely case-specific question whether long-distance migrations are resilient to environmental disruptions. High levels of mobility suggest an ability to shift ranges that can confer resilience. On the other hand, a conservative, hard-wired commitment to a risky behavior can be costly if conditions change. Mechanisms that contribute to migration include identification and responsiveness to resources, sociality, and cognitive processes such as spatial memory and learning. Our goal was to explore the extent to which these factors interact not only to maintain a migratory behavior but also to provide resilience against environmental changes. We develop a diffusion-advection model of animal movement in which an endogenous migratory behavior is modified by recent experiences via a memory process, and animals have a social swarming-like behavior over a range of spatial scales. We found that this relatively simple framework was able to adapt to a stable, seasonal resource dynamic under a broad range of parameter values. Furthermore, the model was able to acquire an adaptive migration behavior with time. However, the resilience of the process depended on all the parameters under consideration, with many complex trade-offs. For example, the spatial scale of sociality needed to be large enough to capture changes in the resource, but not so large that the acquired collective information was overly diluted. A long-term reference memory was important for hedging against a highly stochastic process, but a higher weighting of more recent memory was needed for adapting to directional changes in resource phenology. Our model provides a general and versatile framework for exploring the interaction of memory, movement, social and resource dynamics, even as environmental conditions globally are undergoing rapid change.

scholarly journals Arm movements induced by noninvasive optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex in the common marmoset

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (45) ◽  
pp. 22844-22850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teppei Ebina ◽  
Keitaro Obara ◽  
Akiya Watakabe ◽  
Yoshito Masamizu ◽  
Shin-Ichiro Terada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Blue Laser ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Common ◽  
Forelimb Movements ◽  
Stimulation Of

Optogenetics is now a fundamental tool for investigating the relationship between neuronal activity and behavior. However, its application to the investigation of motor control systems in nonhuman primates is rather limited, because optogenetic stimulation of cortical neurons in nonhuman primates has failed to induce or modulate any hand/arm movements. Here, we used a tetracycline-inducible gene expression system carrying CaMKII promoter and the gene encoding a Channelrhodopsin-2 variant with fast kinetics in the common marmoset, a small New World monkey. In an awake state, forelimb movements could be induced when Channelrhodopsin-2−expressing neurons in the motor cortex were illuminated by blue laser light with a spot diameter of 1 mm or 2 mm through a cranial window without cortical invasion. Forelimb muscles responded 10 ms to 50 ms after photostimulation onset. Long-duration (500 ms) photostimulation induced discrete forelimb movements that could be markerlessly tracked with charge-coupled device cameras and a deep learning algorithm. Long-duration photostimulation mapping revealed that the primary motor cortex is divided into multiple domains that can induce hand and elbow movements in different directions. During performance of a forelimb movement task, movement trajectories were modulated by weak photostimulation, which did not induce visible forelimb movements at rest, around the onset of task-relevant movement. The modulation was biased toward the movement direction induced by the strong photostimulation. Combined with calcium imaging, all-optical interrogation of motor circuits should be possible in behaving marmosets.

scholarly journals Airflow as a Possible Transmission Route of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome at an Initial Outbreak Hospital in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minki Sung ◽  
Seongmin Jo ◽  
Sang-Eun Lee ◽  
Moran Ki ◽  
Bo Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Infected Patient ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Indoor Airflow ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Air Change Rate

In this study, the results of an airflow investigation conducted on 7 June 2015 as part of a series of epidemiologic investigations at Pyeongtaek St. Mary’s Hospital, South Korea, were investigated. The study involved 38 individuals who were infected directly and indirectly with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), by a super-spreader patient. Tracer gas experiments conducted on the eighth floor, where the initial patient was hospitalized, confirmed that the tracer gas spread to adjacent patient rooms and rooms across corridors. In particular, the experiment with an external wind direction and speed similar to those during the hospitalization of the initial patient revealed that the air change rate was 17–20 air changes per hour (ACH), with air introduced through the window in the room of the infected patient (room 8104). The tracer gas concentration of room 8110, which was the farthest room, was 7.56% of room 8104, indicating that a high concentration of gas has spread from room 8104 to rooms across the corridor. In contrast, the tracer gas was barely detected in a maternity ward to the south of room 8104, where there was no secondary infected patient. Moreover, MERS is known to spread mainly by droplets through close contact, but long-distance dispersion is probable in certain environments, such as that of a super-spreader patient hospitalized in a room without ventilation, hospitals with a central corridor type, and indoor airflow dispersion due to external wind.

The Accra Beach Hotel: block booking of capacity during a peak period

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sheryl E. Kimes ◽  
Jochen Wirtz
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Large Block ◽  
Sales Manager ◽  
Hotel Management ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Business

Subject area Segmentation, business impacts of decision making, hotel management. Study level/applicability Undergraduate Business or Finance. Case overview The sales manager at a Caribbean hotel wonders whether to accept a large block booking at a discount rate from a group participating in an international sporting event. Do the promised publicity benefits justify the risk of turning away guests from higher paying segments? Expected learning outcomes The case should: highlight the potential for conflicts when customers from different segments with different needs and expectations find themselves in close contact with each other; identify the trade offs that may have to be made when acceptance of a large block booking might displace regular customers; and calculate the incremental financial impact of revenues from new business less revenues forgone when capacity limitations mean that some traditional business will have to be turned away to accommodate the block booking. Supplementary materials Teaching notes.

scholarly journals Ebola Virus ? A Global Threat

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Mejbah Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Sushmita Roy
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Virus Infections

Ebola virus is a filamentous, enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus. It belongs to the Filoviridae and was first recognized near the Ebola River valley in Zaire in 1976. Since then most of the outbreaks have occurred to both human and nonhuman primates in sub-Saharan Africa. Ebola virus causes highly fatal hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. In addition to hemorrhagic fever, it could be used as a bioterrorism agent. Although its natural reservoir is yet to be proven, current data suggest that fruit bats are the possibility. Infection has also been documented through the handling of infected chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines. Human infection is caused through close contact with the blood, secretion, organ or other body fluids of infected animal. Human-to-human transmission is also possible. Ebola virus infections are characterized by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems, leading to multiorgan failure and shock. The virus constitutes an important public health threat in Africa and also worldwide as no effective treatment or vaccine is available till now DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21497 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 44-51

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document