scholarly journals Production, stability and degradation of Trichoderma gliotoxin in growth medium, irrigation water and agricultural soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jayalakshmi ◽  
R. Oviya ◽  
K. Premalatha ◽  
S. T. Mehetre ◽  
M. Paramasivam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Sterile Soil ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Unsterile Soil ◽  
Dry Soil

AbstractGliotoxin produced by Trichoderma virens is inhibitory against various phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. However, its stability in soil-ecosystem has not yet been well-defined. This study aimed to decipher its persistence and behaviour in growth media, irrigation water and soil ecosystems. Gliotoxin production was noticed at logarithmic growth phase and converted into bis-thiomethyl gliotoxin at late stationary growth phase of T. virens in acidic growth medium. But, no gliotoxin production was observed in neutral and alkaline growth medium. Gliotoxin was stable for several days in acidic water but degraded in alkaline water. Degradation of gliotoxin was more in unsterile soil than sterile soil and also that was higher under wet soil than dry soil. Degradation of gliotoxin was hastened by alkaline pH in wet soil but not in dry soil. Under unsterile soil conditions, high soil moisture increased the degradation of gliotoxin and the degradation of gliotoxin occurred quickly in alkaline soil (in 5 days) compared to acidic soil (in 10 days). Under sterile soil conditions, high soil moisture also enhanced the degradation of gliotoxin but level of degradation was less compared to unsterile conditions. Thus, gliotoxin stability is influenced mainly by the soil wetness, soil microbial community and pH conditions.

scholarly journals White Root Rot of Raspberries

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
GC Wade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
White Root Rot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.

Studies on field establishment of monogerm sugar beet

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil

SummaryThe percentage emergence from monogerm sugar-beet seed in field experiments was reduced by high soil moisture content and soil compaction, but was unaffected by soil temperature. Seed lots were differentially influenced when the soil conditions were very adverse. Pelleted seed emerged a little better in good soil conditions and was not more sensitive to high soil moisture content than raw seed.The relation between laboratory germination and the number of emerged seedlings was variable and followed no obvious trends, and there was no consistent rank order in the emergence ability of four commercial cultivars.

Environment and Chlorsulfuron Phytotoxicity

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Zenon Woznica
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Humidity Effects ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Reduced Toxicity

Glasshouse and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} phytotoxicity to kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad. ♯ KCHSC] and green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv. ♯ SETVI] as influenced by temperature and humidity for 1 week after treatment, and by soil moisture and nitrogen. Chlorsulfuron was more phytotoxic to both kochia and green foxtail at 95 to 100% than at 45 to 50% relative humidity for 1 week after treatment whether at 10, 20, or 30 C. Chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity was similar with all posttreatment temperatures at each humidity, except that phytotoxicity was lower at 30 C than at 10 or 20 C at 90 to 100% humidity. Surfactant added to chlorsulfuron exhanced control of kochia more than that of green foxtail and overcame temperature and humidity effects on chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity. A simulated rainfall of 2 mm after chlorsulfuron application reduced toxicity of chlorsulfuron to green foxtail more than to kochia. Chlorsulfuron was more phytotoxic to green foxtail growing with a high than a low soil nitrogen level. High soil moisture following chlorsulfuron application enhanced phytotoxicity to kochia and green foxtail compared to high soil moisture before treatment.

scholarly journals Earthworms are little affected by reduced soil tillage methods in vineyards

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faber Florian ◽  
Wachter Elisabeth ◽  
Zaller Johann G
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tillage Methods ◽  
Erosion Prevention

Inter-rows in vineyards are commonly tilled in order to control weeds and/or to conserve water. While impacts of tillage on earthworms are well studied in arable systems, very little is known from vineyards. In an experimental vineyard, the impact of four reduced tillage methods on earthworms was examined: rotary hoeing, rotary harrowing, grubbing and no tillage. According to an erosion prevention programme, tillage was applied every other inter-row only while alternating rows retained vegetated. Earthworms were extracted from the treated inter-rows 10, 36, 162 and 188 days after tillage. Across dates, tillage methods had no effect on overall earthworm densities or biomass. Considering each sampling date separately, earthworm densities were affected only at day 36 after tillage leading to lower densities under rotary hoeing (150.7 ± 42.5 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) and no tillage (117.3 ± 24.8 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) than under rotary harrowing (340.0 ± 87.4 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) and grubbing (242.7 ± 43.9 worms/m<sup>2</sup>). Time since tillage significantly increased earthworm densities or biomass, and affected soil moisture and temperature. Across sampling dates, earthworm densities correlated positively with soil moisture and negatively with soil temperature; individual earthworm mass increased with increasing time since tillage. It was concluded that reduced tillage in vineyards has little impact on earthworms when applied in spring under dry soil conditions.

A GREENHOUSE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM INFECTION ON BRITTLENESS OF BARLEY AWNS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
R. B. MacLaren ◽  
J. D. E. Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Greenhouse Evaluation ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum

High soil moisture and high relative humidity gave a higher incidence of brittle awns on barley than did restricted soil moisture and low relative humidity. Ash content of awns was highest when soil moisture and relative humidity were maintained at high levels. Helminthosporium sativum (P, K and B) infection reduced awn brittleness of one variety and had no effect on the others.No differences in cell structure of the awns were attributed to treatment.

MICROORGANISMS IN THE ROOT ZONE IN RELATION TO SOIL MOISTURE

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Peterson ◽  
J. W. Rouatt ◽  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
High Level ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

The influence of soil moisture on the microbial population of rhizosphere soil and of the root surface (rhizoplane) of wheat was studied under controlled conditions. Fertile soil adjusted to 30%, 60%, and 90% of its moisture-holding capacity was used. Bacterial counts and numbers of specific "physiological groups" of bacteria all increased in the rhizosphere and the rhizoplane as soil moisture decreased. Taxonomic studies of the bacteria isolated from the rhizoplane showed a marked preponderance of species of Pseudomonas under conditions of low and intermediate soil moisture content. On the other hand species of Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Cytophaga dominated the population at high soil moisture. Although the distribution of fungi on the roots was very similar for the low and intermediate moisture levels, there was some restriction of colonization at the high level. Species of Mortierella, Rhizopus, Chaetomium, Curvularia, and Helminthosporium were not represented among isolates from roots at high soil moisture and the relative incidence of species of Fusarium and Phoma decreased. However, high soil moisture favored root colonization by species of Rhizoctonia and sterile dark fungi.

Use of in situ soil moisture network for estimating regional-scale soil moisture during high soil moisture conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Rowlandson ◽  
Sarah Impera ◽  
Jonathon Belanger ◽  
Aaron A. Berg ◽  
Brenda Toth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions
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